Table 1.
Summary of studies of DNA methylation and histone modifications performed to date in pulmonary fibrosis.
| Genes/Genomic Loci | Epigenetic Mechanism | Tissue or Cell | Phenotypes and Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|
| cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) (92, 93) | DNA methylation; histone H3 and H4 acetylation; H3K9me3 and H3K27me3; DNMTs, HATs, and HMTs, | Human lung fibroblasts | IPF |
| chemokine IP-10 (94) | |||
| Thy-1 (CD90) (95, 96) | DNA methylation; H3K4me3 and H4 acetylation | Human and rat lung fibroblasts | Myofibroblast differentiation |
| p14(ARF) (97) | DNA methylation | Human lung fibroblasts | IPF; apopotosis |
| α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) (98, 99) | DNA metylation; methyl CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) | Myofibroblast differentiation; collagen deposition | |
| miR-17~92 cluster (100) | DNA methylation; DNMT1 | Human lung tissue and human lung fibroblasts | IPF; collagen deposition |
| BAK, BCL-XL, FAS (101, 102) | DNA methylation (no difference); histone H3 acetylation; H3K9Me3 | Human and mouse lung fibroblasts | Fibroblast apoptosis |
| NOX4 (103) | H4K16Ac and H4K20Me3; | IMR-90 human fetal lung fibroblast cell line | Cell senescence |
| TLR9 (104) | hypomethylated CpG DNA (ligand) | Human lung fibroblasts, mouse lung tissue, and A549 lung epithelial cell line | Innate immunity; EMT |
| Mmp9 (105) | histone acetylation; SIRT1 | Mouse lung tissue | TGF-β1 signaling and lung development |
| CpG islands (106, 107) | DNA methylation | Human lung tissue | IPF |
| CpG islands (108) | DNA methylation | Human lung fibroblasts | IPF |
| 2.1M CpG motifs in the genome (109) | DNA methylation | Human lung tissue | IPF |