Table 1.

Microtubule-destabilizing agents.

Chemical lead	Properties and effects	Clinical trial/status	References
Cryptophycins	Apoptosis induction. Synergistic with chemotherapy and radiation.	Phase II clinical trials in platinum-resistant ovarian cancer and in NSCLC (C-52) but withdrawn due to peripheral neuropathy.	[26, 28, 31, 32, 36]
Combretastatin A-4-P	Antivascular and antiangiogenic activity. Synergistic with radiation, hyperthermia, chemotherapy, and immunoradiotherapy.	Phases II and III clinical trials in advanced solid tumors (lung and thyroid cancer) and in combination with carboplatin.	[63, 64, 66–70, 72, 73]
Combretastatin A-1-P	Antivascular and antitumoral activity superior to CA-4-P. Synergistic with chemotherapy.	Phase I clinical trials in solid tumors and in acute myelogenous leukaemia and myelodysplastic syndromes.	[78, 79]
Ombrabulin	Antivascular and antitumoral activity superior to CA-4-P. Synergistic with chemotherapy.	Phase I clinical trials as a single agent or in combination; phase III clinical trial in advanced soft-tissue sarcoma.	[86]
Soblidotin	Apoptosis induction. Antivascular activity. Antitumoral activity in tumors resistant to vincristine, docetaxel, and paclitaxel.	Phase II clinical trials in advanced solid tumors (soft-tissue sarcoma, NSCLC).	[99–105]
D-24851	Curative at nontoxic doses in rat tumor. No neurotoxic effects. Oral applicability. Activity versus MDR cell lines.	Phase I/II clinical trials in advanced solid tumors.	[140, 141]
Pseudolaric acid B	Antiangiogenic activity. No neurotoxic effects in tested animal. Activity versus MDR cell lines.	Preclinical phase.	[148, 149]
Embellistatin	Antiangiogenic activity.	Preclinical phase.	[150]