Table 4.

Association [β estimates (95% confidence interval)] between present number of tooth surfaces with resin-composites or amalgam and immune function changes from baseline, from repeated measures models over 5-year follow-up^a

	Flowable Composites (Preventive)	Non-Flowable Compomer (Restorative, Primary Teeth)	Non-Flowable Composite (Restorative, Permanent Teeth)	Amalgam (Restorative, Primary Teeth)	Amalgam (Restorative, Permanent Teeth)
Total White Blood Cell Count (× 106)	0.2 (0.03, 0.3)*	0.0	0.0	−0.0	0.0
Lymphocyte Cell Count	0.0	0.0	0.0	−0.0	0.0
Granulocyte Cell Count	0.0	0.0	0.1	−0.0	−0.1
Monocyte Cell Count	0.0	0.0	0.0	−0.0	0.0
Lymphocyte Function
T-cell
%CD69 + PHA	−0.0	−0.1	0.5	0.0	−0.5
%CD25 + PHA	−0.1	−0.0	0.7	−0.3	−0.2
B-cell
%CD69 + PWM	−0.0	−0.2	1.7 (0.6, 2.7)***	0.1	−2.1 (−3.8, −0.4)**
%CD23 + PWM	−0.2	−0.3	2.2 (0.5, 4.0)**	0.3	−3.8 (−6.2, −1.4)***
Monocyte Function
%DHE + PMA	−0.6	0.7	−0.6	−0.7	−0.0
%Rho + PMA	−0.3	1.1 (0.1, 2.0)*	0.3	−1.1	−0.6
Neutrophil Function
%DHE + PMA	−0.2 (−0.4, −0.04)*	0.2	−0.0	0.1	0.2
%Rho + PMA	−0.2	0.2	0.4	−0.1	−0.2

^aMultivariable models for resin-composite materials were adjusted for each type of resin-composite material (number of surfaces currently treated with sealant/preventive resin restoration, compomer, or composite), age, time from baseline visit, study site, baseline blood lead level, and parent-reported asthma or allergy. Models for amalgam were created to parallel models for composites, and therefore mutually adjusted for amalgam on primary and permanent teeth, as well as sealant/preventive resin restorations, age, time from baseline visit, study site, baseline blood lead level, and parent-reported asthma or allergy. Models included immune function changes from pretreatment at 6-months, 1-year, 1.5-year, and 5-year follow-up visits.

Abbreviations: PHA=phytohemagglutinin; PWM=pokeweed mitogen; PMA=phorbol myristate acetate.

^*P=0.02

^**P=0.01

^***P=0.002