Table S1.
Normal and swollen grains in different samples and conditions
| Sample | Heavy liquid separation | Storage medium (length of time) | Birefringent grains, % | Swollen, gelatinized grains, % |
| Paglicci P23A samples | Zinc chloride | Water/glycerol after lab treatment | ∼96 | ∼4 |
| Paglicci P23A(a) and (b) | Zinc chloride | Water/glycerol (≥2 mo) | (partially) 7 | 93 |
| Paglicci 23A(c) | — | Water (≥2 mo) | ∼96 | ∼4 |
| Bilancino Gravettian grinder and pestle | Zinc chloride | Water/glycerol (>4 y) | 100 | 0 |
| Middle East pre-Islamic grindstone | Zinc chloride | Water/glycerol (2 y) | 100 | 0 |
| Reference collection material | — | Water/glycerol (≥2 y) | 100 | 0 |
| Panicum miliaceum | — | Water and water/glycerol | 100 | 0 |
| Roasted or popped P. miliaceum | — | Water and water/glycerol | 50–90* | 5–50* |
| Avena sativa | — | Water and water/glycerol | 100 | 0 |
| Roasted or popped A. sativa | — | Water and water/glycerol | >90* | <10* |
*
Different percentages depending on the length and temperature of the treatment. —, not performed.