Table 1.
Two-way PERMANOVA test of the effects of climate manipulation treatments and time (year of experiment) on biocrust community structure (2005–2014)
| Source* | df | SS | Pseudo-F | P |
| Treatment | 3 | 64,912 | 11.5 | 0.001 |
| Block | 4 | 7,820 | 18.0 | 0.001 |
| Time | 18 | 43,097 | 13.6 | 0.001 |
| Treatment × block | 12 | 22,609 | 17.4 | 0.001 |
| Treatment × time | 54 | 20,396 | 3.5 | 0.001 |
| Block × time | 72 | 12,693 | 1.6 | 0.001 |
| Residual | 216 | 23,407 | — | — |
*
First biocrust surveys were completed in Autumn 2005, and treatments were initiated in December 2005 and included controls (no climate manipulations), warming, watering (frequent, small-volume water additions), and warming + watering. SS, sums of squares from PERMANOVA.