Table 3.

Characteristics of participating students by exposure status (Classes of 2013–16)

Variable	Exposed n=126	Not-Exposed n=160	p-value
Gender (number)			>0.9
Female	61	77
Male	63	80
Age (mean±SD)			<0.0001
Years	26.7±3.4	25.1±2.7
Race/ethnicity (number)			<0.0001
Asian	37	21
Hispanic	19	9
Black, Am. Indian, other	5	14
White	61	108
English 1st language (number)			0.04
Yes	95	130
No	31	23
Highest education (number)			0.3
Master’s degree	9	7
Not having master’s	117	149
Test mode (number)			<0.0001
Online	126	55
Hard copy	0	105
Notes (number)			<0.0001
Yes	15	121
No	111	39
HSRT score (mean±SD)
Overall	20.0±4.1	22.6±4.8	<0.0001
Evaluation	4.7±1.3	5.0±1.2	0.1
Analysis	4.3±1.2	4.5±1.2	0.2
Deduction	5.9±2.0	7.2±2.3	<0.0001
Inference	2.6±1.0	3.7±1.4	<0.0001
Induction	7.3±1.7	7.7±1.7	0.1