Table 1.
Characteristics of Immunization Information Systems Sentinel Sites, 2012
| Site | Geographic Area | Provider Participation in IIS Sentinel Site area* |
No. of Adolescents (11–18 Years) Participating in the IIS sentinel site area† |
Adolescent Participation* |
Year IIS Expanded to Include Adolescents |
Opt In or Opt Out?‡ | Middle School Vaccination Requirements |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arizona | 7 counties in northern Arizona (includes Flagstaff) |
93% | 116,259 | 139% | Since it began in 1998 | Opt out | MenACWY, Tdap |
| Colorado | 14 counties in southwestern Colorado |
98% | 15,357 | 99% | Since it began in 2002 | Opt out | Tdap |
| Michigan | Entire state | 88% | 1,270,692 | 105% | Since it began in 1998 | Opt out | MenACWY, Tdap |
| Minnesota | Entire state | 93% | 639,203 | 100% | Since it began in 2002 | Opt out | Tdap |
| New York City | Manhattan, Bronx, Brooklyn, Staten Island, Queens |
93% | 1,290,197 | 80% | 2005 | NA; mandate to report immunizations for all<19 y |
Tdap |
| North Dakota | Entire state | 98% | 81,119 | 113% | 1996: in 2008, mandate to report immunizations for all <19 y |
Opt out | MenACWY, Tdap |
| Oregon | Washington and Multnomah counties (greater Portland) |
93% | 158,190 | 91% | Since it began in 1996; began actively soliciting adolescent immunization data in 2000 |
Neither; voluntary IIS but cannot have data removed once it has been entered |
Tdap |
| Wisconsin | 5 counties in southern Wisconsin (includes Madison) |
90% | 148,970 | 106% | Since it began in 1999 | Opt out | Tdap |
IIS = Immunization Information Systems; MenACWY = meningococcal conjugate vaccine; Tdap = tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxoid, acellular pertussis vaccine.
Provider participation and percentage adolescent participation numbers are as of July 2012. Provider participation is defined as having submitted data to the IIS within the past 12 months. An adolescent participating in the IIS is defined as having a demographic record in the IIS and having 2 or more immunizations recorded there. The number of adolescents participating in the IIS may include those who moved out of the sentinel site area but providers have not updated the IIS to reflect that; thus, some sites have adolescent participation rates that exceed 100% when using a census-based denominator.
Number of participating adolescents as of December 31, 2012.
“Opt in” is defined as “voluntary inclusion and requires parents or individuals to actively indicate a willingness to participate in an IIS.” “Opt out” is defined as “voluntary exclusion in which consent is automatic or assumed unless a parent or individual chooses to exclude themselves or their children from participation” in an IIS. From: Boom JA, Sahni LC, Nelson CS, Dragsbaek AC, Franzini L. Immunization Information System opt-in consent: at what cost? J Public Health Manag Pract. 2010; 16:E18–E25.