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. 2015 Sep 16;2(9):150135. doi: 10.1098/rsos.150135

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© 2015 The Authors. Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Figure 6. — Grouping behaviours in prey experiencing grouping penalties. Even with a small grouping penalty (M=1.0), all treatments except homogeneous/semelparous no longer evolve grouping behaviour. Prey in the homogeneous/semelparous treatment only evolve slightly lower levels of grouping behaviour, even with extreme penalties to foraging in a group (M=1000). Error bars indicate bootstrapped 95% CIs over 100 replicates; some error bars are too small to be visible. (a) Heterogeneous, iteroparous; (b) heterogeneous, semelparous; (c) homogeneous, iteroparous; and (d) homogeneous, semelparous.