Table 3.
Unstandardized coefficients (standard errors) describing covariate effects on growth processes for cognitive development (n = 2,442)
| Cognitive Development | Verbal Development | Nonverbal Development | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| I | SE | α | S | SE | α | I | SE | α | S | SE | α | I | SE | α | S | SE | α | |
| Time-invariant | ||||||||||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Housing mobility - past 12 mos | −0.90 | 0.43 | * | 0.29 | 0.13 | * | −0.51 | 0.28 | † | 0.20 | 0.08 | * | −0.34 | 0.15 | * | 0.14 | 0.07 | * |
| Housing mobility - infancy | −3.20 | 1.06 | * | 0.39 | 0.31 | −2.21 | 0.70 | ** | 0.55 | 0.19 | ** | −0.98 | 0.38 | * | −0.02 | 0.18 | ||
| Child gender | 1.21 | 0.80 | −0.68 | 0.27 | * | 0.80 | 0.52 | −0.36 | 0.17 | * | 0.51 | 0.29 | −0.29 | 0.14 | * | |||
| African American child | −4.05 | 0.89 | ** | −0.56 | 0.31 | −3.27 | 0.60 | ** | −0.34 | 0.20 | −0.82 | 0.34 | * | −0.20 | 0.16 | |||
| Hispanic/Latino child | −8.08 | 1.19 | ** | 0.72 | 0.36 | * | −5.84 | 0.77 | ** | 0.11 | 0.20 | −0.41 | 0.41 | 0.09 | 0.17 | |||
| Other child ethnicity | 0.29 | 1.56 | 0.29 | 0.47 | −0.07 | 1.03 | 0.12 | 0.30 | 0.33 | 0.59 | 0.14 | 0.26 | ||||||
| Family income | 2.43 | 0.43 | ** | −0.05 | 0.14 | 1.60 | 0.29 | ** | −0.02 | 0.09 | 0.70 | 0.16 | ** | 0.02 | 0.07 | |||
| Caregiver mental health | −0.10 | 0.04 | ** | 0.00 | 0.01 | −0.05 | 0.02 | * | −0.01 | 0.01 | −0.03 | 0.01 | * | 0.00 | 0.01 | |||
| Physical abuse | −0.47 | 1.34 | 0.68 | 0.41 | −0.47 | 0.89 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.05 | 0.49 | 0.23 | 0.22 | ||||||
| Sexual abuse | −1.06 | 1.50 | 0.61 | 0.45 | −0.63 | 0.98 | 0.11 | 0.28 | −0.24 | 0.55 | 0.24 | 0.24 | ||||||
| Neglect | −3.66 | 1.25 | * | 0.40 | 0.39 | −2.66 | 0.83 | ** | 0.32 | 0.24 | −1.10 | 0.46 | * | 0.11 | 0.21 | |||
| Child welfare services | 0.46 | 0.80 | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.29 | 0.53 | 0.19 | 0.17 | 0.12 | 0.30 | 0.01 | 0.13 | ||||||
| Externalizing intercept | -- | -- | −0.09 | 0.02 | ** | -- | -- | −0.05 | 0.01 | ** | -- | -- | −0.04 | 0.01 | ** | |||
| Time-variant | Cognitive Development | Verbal Development | Nonverbal Development | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| b | SE | α | b | SE | α | b | SE | α | ||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||||||
| Family instability Wave 1 | −0.26 | 0.31 | -- | -- | -- | −0.27 | 0.19 | -- | -- | -- | −0.13 | 0.17 | -- | -- | -- | |||
| Family instability Wave 3 | 0.42 | 0.16 | ** | -- | -- | -- | 0.25 | 0.10 | * | -- | -- | -- | 0.22 | 0.10 | * | -- | -- | -- |
| Family instability Wave 4 | −0.04 | 0.22 | -- | -- | -- | −0.07 | 0.13 | -- | -- | -- | 0.12 | 0.13 | -- | -- | -- | |||
| Minor abuse Wave 1 | −0.12 | 0.02 | ** | -- | -- | -- | −0.06 | 0.01 | ** | -- | -- | -- | −0.06 | 0.01 | ** | -- | -- | -- |
| Minor abuse Wave 2 | −0.06 | 0.02 | ** | -- | -- | -- | −0.03 | 0.01 | ** | -- | -- | -- | −0.03 | 0.01 | * | -- | -- | -- |
| Minor abuse Wave 3 | −0.03 | 0.02 | -- | -- | -- | −0.01 | 0.02 | -- | -- | -- | −0.03 | 0.01 | * | -- | -- | -- | ||
| Neglect Wave 1 | 0.10 | 0.03 | ** | -- | -- | -- | 0.06 | 0.01 | ** | -- | -- | -- | 0.04 | 0.01 | ** | -- | -- | -- |
| Neglect Wave 2 | 0.04 | 0.03 | -- | -- | -- | 0.02 | 0.01 | -- | -- | -- | 0.03 | 0.02 | -- | -- | -- | |||
| Neglect Wave 3 | −0.06 | 0.04 | -- | -- | -- | −0.03 | 0.02 | -- | -- | -- | −0.01 | 0.02 | -- | -- | -- | |||
| Address change Wave 3 | 0.22 | 0.32 | -- | -- | -- | 0.03 | 0.19 | -- | -- | -- | 0.03 | 0.20 | -- | -- | -- | |||
| Address change Wave 4 | 0.80 | 0.40 | * | -- | -- | -- | 0.45 | 0.24 | * | -- | -- | -- | 0.11 | 0.22 | -- | -- | -- | |
Note.
†
p<.10,
*
p≤.05,
**
p≤.01.
Cognitive development represented summed verbal and nonverbal abilities scores at each assessment. W1 = 12 months before baseline; W3 = 18-month follow-up; W4 = 36-month follow-up