Fig. 5.

Effects of GRo on cell protection in LPS-induced Raw 264.7 cells via HO-1 induction. Cells were pretreated with 10μM SnPP for 1 h prior to 200μM GRo for 1 h, followed by incubation with 1 μg/mL LPS for 24 h. (A) Cell morphology was photographed using an Observer A1 microscope at 100× magnification, and (B) cell viability was determined. Cells were pretreated with 10μM SnPP for 1 h prior to the addition of 200μM GRo for 1 h, followed by incubation with 1 μg/mL LPS for 3 h, after which (C) ROS production was examined. (D) NO assay performed using supernatant from the same samples used for cell viability assays. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 3). *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01, as compared with the control. ^#p < 0.05 as compared with LPS treatment alone. ⁺p < 0.05, as compared with cells treated with GRo followed by LPS. GRo, ginsenoside Ro; HO-1, heme oxygenase-1; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; ROS, reactive oxygen species.