Table 2.

Useful information about saponins isolated from p. ginseng, synthetic saponins, and saponin metabolites

No.	Saponin	Formula	Backbone (Fig. 2)	Molecular mass (u) 1)	Monoisotopic mass (u) 1)	Plant part (process)	Refs
	Saponins from Panax ginseng
1	Protopanaxadiol	C30H52O3	A	460.73	460.3916	(Hydrolysis)	[14], [15]
2	Ginsenoside F2	C42H72O13	A	785.01	784.4973	Leaves	[16]
3	Ginsenoside Ra1	C58H98O26	A	1,211.38	1,210.6346	Roots	[17]
4	Ginsenoside Ra2	C58H98O26	A	1,211.38	1,210.6346	Roots	[17]
5	Ginsenoside Ra3	C59H100O27	A	1,241.41	1,240.6452	Roots	[18]
6	Ginsenoside Rb1	C54H92O23	A	1,109.29	1,108.6029	Roots	[19], [20], [21], [22]
7	Ginsenoside Rb2	C53H90O22	A	1,079.27	1,078.5924	Roots	[19], [20], [21]
8	Ginsenoside Rb3	C53H90O22	A	1,079.27	1,078.5924	Roots	[23]
9	Ginsenoside Rc	C53H90O22	A	1,079.27	1,078.5924	Roots	[19], [20], [21]
10	Ginsenoside Rd	C48H82O18	A	947.15	946.5501	Roots	[19], [20], [21], [24]
11	Ginsenoside Rg3	C42H72O13	A	785.01	784.4973	Steamed roots	[20], [25]
12	Ginsenoside Rh2	C36H62O8	A	622.87	622.4445	Steamed roots	[25]
13	Ginsenoside Rs1	C55H92O23	A	1,121.31	1,120.6029	Roots	[20]
14	Ginsenoside Rs2	C55H92O23	A	1,121.31	1,120.6029	Roots	[20]
15	Ginsenoside Rs3	C44H74O14	A	827.05	826.5079	Steamed roots	[26]
16	Malonylginsenoside Ra3	C62H102O30	A	1,327.46	1,326.6456	Roots	[27]
17	Malonylginsenoside Rb1	C57H94O26	A	1,195.34	1,194.6033	Roots	[28]
18	Malonylginsenoside Rb2	C56H92O25	A	1,165.31	1,164.5928	Roots	[28]
19	Malonylginsenoside Rc	C56H92O25	A	1,165.31	1,164.5928	Roots	[28]
20	Malonylginsenoside Rd	C51H84O21	A	1,033.20	1,032.5505	Roots	[28]
21	Malonylnotoginsenoside R4	C62H102O30	A	1,327.46	1,326.6456	Roots	[29]
22	Protopanaxatriol	C30H52O4	A	476.73	476.3866	(Hydrolysis)	[30]
23	Floralginsenoside M	C53H90O22	A	1,079.27	1,078.5924	Flower buds	[31]
24	Floralginsenoside N	C53H90O22	A	1,079.27	1,078.5924	Flower buds	[31]
25	Floralginsenoside P	C53H90O23	A	1,095.27	1,094.5873	Flower buds	[31]
26	Ginsenoside F1	C36H62O9	A	638.87	638.4394	Leaves	[16]
27	Ginsenoside F3	C41H70O13	A	770.99	770.4816	Leaves	[16]
28	Ginsenoside Re	C48H82O18	A	947.15	946.5501	Roots	[20], [21], [24], [32]
29	Ginsenoside Rf	C42H72O14	A	801.01	800.4922	Roots	[20], [32]
30	Ginsenoside Rg1	C42H72O14	A	801.01	800.4922	Roots	[20], [21], [33]
31	Ginsenoside Rg2	C42H72O13	A	785.01	784.4973	Roots	[25], [32], [34], [35]
32	Ginsenoside Rh1	C36H62O9	A	638.87	638.4394	Steamed roots	[21], [25], [34]
33	20-Glucoginsenoside Rf	C48H82O19	A	963.15	962.5450	Roots	[23]
34	Floralginsenoside H	C50H84O21	B-(a)	1,021.19	1,020.5505	Flower buds	[36]
35	Floralginsenoside Tc	C53H90O24	B-(a)	1,111.27	1,110.5822	Flower buds	[37]
36	Floralginsenoside Td	C53H90O24	B-(a)	1,111.27	1,110.5822	Flower buds	[37]
37	Ginsenoside I	C48H82O20	B-(a)	979.15	978.5400	Flower buds	[38]
38	Ginsenoside II	C48H82O20	B-(a)	979.15	978.5400	Flower buds	[38]
39	Floralginsenoside A	C42H72O16	B-(a)	833.01	832.4820	Flower buds	[39]
40	Floralginsenoside C	C41H70O15	B-(a)	802.99	802.4715	Flower buds	[39]
41	Floralginsenoside J	C48H82O20	B-(a)	979.15	978.5400	Flower buds	[36]
42	Floralginsenoside Ka	C36H62O11	B-(a)	670.87	670.4292	Flower buds	[40]
43	Ginsenoside SL1	C36H62O11	B-(a)	670.87	670.4292	Steamed leaves	[41]
44	Ginsenoside Rg7	C36H60O9	B-(b)	636.86	636.4237	Leaves	[42]
45	Floralginsenoside La	C48H82O19	B-(b)	963.15	962.5450	Flower buds	[36]
46	Floralginsenoside Lb	C48H82O19	B-(b)	963.15	962.5450	Flower buds	[36]
47	Floralginsenoside Ta	C36H60O10	B-(c)	652.86	652.4187	Flower buds	[37]
48	Floralginsenoside E	C42H72O15	C-(a)	817.01	816.4871	Flower buds	[39]
49	Floralginsenoside F	C42H72O15	C-(a)	817.01	816.4871	Flower buds	[39]
50	Floralginsenoside G	C50H84O21	C-(a)	1,021.19	1,020.5505	Flower buds	[36]
51	Floralginsenoside K	C48H82O21	C-(a)	995.15	994.5349	Flower buds	[36]
52	Floralginsenoside O	C53H90O22	C-(a)	1,079.27	1,078.5924	Flower buds	[31]
53	Floralginsenoside B	C42H72O16	C-(a)	833.01	832.4820	Flower buds	[39]
54	Floralginsenoside D	C41H70O15	C-(a)	802.99	802.4715	Flower buds	[39]
55	Floralginsenoside I	C48H82O20	C-(a)	979.15	978.5400	Flower buds	[36]
56	Ginsenoside Rh6	C36H62O11	C-(a)	670.87	670.4292	Leaves	[42]
57	Ginsenoside ST2	C36H62O10	C-(b)	654.87	654.4343	Steamed leaves	[43]
58	Ginsenoside Ki	C36H62O10	C-(c)	654.87	654.4343	Leaves	[44]
59	Ginsenoside Km	C36H62O10	C-(c)	654.87	654.4343	Leaves	[44]
60	Floralginsenoside Kb	C45H76O19	D-(a)	921.07	920.4981	Flower buds	[40]
61	Floralginsenoside Kc	C45H76O20	D-(a)	937.07	936.4930	Flower buds	[40]
62	Floralginsenoside Tb	C35H62O11	D-(b)	658.86	658.4292	Flower buds	[37]
63	25-Hydroxyprotopanaxadiol	C30H54O4	E	478.75	478.4022	Fruits	[45]
64	25-Hydroxyprotopanaxatriol	C30H54O5	E	494.75	494.3971	Fruits	[45]
65	Dehydroprotopanaxadiol I	C30H50O2	F-(a)	442.72	442.3811	Steamed roots	[46]
66	Ginsenoside Rg5	C42H70O12	F-(a)	767.00	766.4867	Steamed roots	[47], [48]
67	Ginsenoside Rh3	C36H60O7	F-(a)	604.86	604.4339	Steamed roots	[47], [49]
68	Ginsenoside Rs4	C44H72O13	F-(a)	809.03	808.4973	Steamed roots	[46]
69	Dehydroprotopanaxatriol I	C30H50O3	F-(a)	458.72	458.3760	Steamed roots	[46]
70	Ginsenoside F4	C42H70O12	F-(a)	767.00	766.4867	Leaves	[50]
71	Ginsenoside Rh4	C36H60O8	F-(a)	620.86	620.4288	Steamed roots	[47], [51]
72	Ginsenoside Rs6	C38H62O9	F-(a)	662.89	662.4394	Steamed roots	[46]
73	Ginsenoside Rz1	C42H70O12	F-(b)	767.00	766.4867	Steamed roots	[52]
74	Dehydroprotopanaxadiol II	C30H50O2	F-(c)	442.72	442.3811	Steamed roots	[46]
75	Ginsenoside Rk1	C42H70O12	F-(c)	767.00	766.4867	Steamed roots	[47]
76	Ginsenoside Rk2	C36H60O7	F-(c)	604.86	604.4339	Steamed roots	[47]
77	Ginsenoside Rs5	C44H72O13	F-(c)	809.03	808.4973	Steamed roots	[46]
78	Dehydroprotopanaxatriol II	C30H50O3	F-(c)	458.72	458.3760	Steamed roots	[46]
79	Ginsenoside Rg6	C42H70O12	F-(c)	767.00	766.4867	Steamed roots	[53]
80	Ginsenoside Rk3	C36H60O8	F-(c)	620.86	620.4288	Steamed roots	[47]
81	Ginsenoside Rs7	C38H62O9	F-(c)	662.89	662.4394	Steamed roots	[46]
82	Panaxadiol	C30H52O3	G-(a)	460.73	460.3916	(Hydrolysis)	[54], [55]
83	Panaxatriol	C30H52O4	G-(a)	476.73	476.3866	(Hydrolysis)	[30]
84	Ginsenoside Rh9	C36H60O9	G-(b)	636.86	636.4237	Leaves	[42]
85	12,23-Epoxyginsenoside Rg1	C42H70O14	G-(b)	799.00	798.4766	Leaves	[56]
86	Panaxadione	C30H48O5	G-(c)	488.70	488.3502	Seeds	[57]
87	Ginsenoside Rh5	C36H60O9	H-(a)	636.86	636.4237	Steamed roots	[42]
88	Ginsenoside Rh7	C36H60O9	H-(b)	636.86	636.4237	Leaves	[42]
89	Ginsenoside Rh8	C36H60O9	H-(c)	636.86	636.4237	Leaves	[42]
90	Ginsenoside Ro	C48H76O19	H-(d)	957.11	656.4981	Roots	[19], [22], [58]
91	Ginsenoside SL2	C42H70O14	I-(a)	799.00	798.4766	Steamed leaves	[41]
92	Ginsenoside ST1	C36H60O10	I-(a)	652.86	652.4187	Steamed leaves	[43]
93	Ginsenoside SL3	C42H70O14	I-(b)	799.00	798.4766	Steamed leaves	[41]
94	Hexanordammaran	C24H40O4	I-(c)	392.57	392.2927	Leaves	[59]
95	Isoprotopanaxadiol	C30H52O3	I-(d)	460.73	460.3916	(Hydrolysis)	[60]
	Synthetic saponins
96	Ginsenoside DM1	C48H84O9	J-(a)	805.18	804.6115	(Synthesis)	[61]
97	Ginsenoside PM1	C52H92O9	J-(a)	861.28	860.6741	(Synthesis)	[61]
98	Ginsenoside SM1	C54H96O9	J-(a)	889.33	888.7054	(Synthesis)	[61]
99	C-X1	C53H90O23	J-(a)	1,095.27	1,094.5873	(Synthesis)	[62]
100	C-Y1	C53H90O23	J-(a)	1,095.27	1,094.5873	(Synthesis)	[62]
101	C-Y2	C42H72O14	J-(a)	801.01	800.4922	(Synthesis)	[62]
102	Ginsenoside ORh1	C44H76O10	J-(a)	765.07	764.5439	(Synthesis)	[63]
103	Ocotillol derivative 3a	C36H62O10	J-(b)	654.87	654.4343	(Synthesis)	[64]
104	Ocotillol derivative 3b	C36H62O10	J-(b)	654.87	654.4343	(Synthesis)	[64]
105	Ginsenoside Rp1	C42H74O12	J-(c)	771.03	770.5180	(Synthesis)	[65]
	Saponin metabolites
106	M1 (Compound K)	C36H62O8	K	622.87	622.4445	(Metabolization)	[66]
107	M2 (Compound Y)	C41H70O12	K	754.99	754.4867	(Metabolization)	[66]
108	M3 (Ginsenoside Mc)	C41H70O12	K	754.99	754.4867	(Metabolization)	[66]
109	M6	C47H80O17	K	917.13	916.5396	(Metabolization)	[66]
110	M7 (Ginsenoside Mb)	C47H80O17	K	917.13	916.5396	(Metabolization)	[66]
111	M9 (Gp-LXXV)	C48H82O18	K	947.15	946.5501	(Metabolization)	[66]
112	M13 (Gp-XVII)	C42H72O13	K	785.01	784.4973	(Metabolization)	[66]

¹⁾The calculations are based upon the latest atomic mass data from the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) [67].