Fig. 4.

The effects of GDPβS in the pipette on pacemaker activity inhibition by GRe in cultured ICC clusters. (A) The pacemaker activity of ICCs exposed to GRe in the presence of GDPβS (1mM) in the pipette solution. Under these conditions, the inhibitory effects of GRe on pacemaker activity were blocked. (B) The graph summarizes the responses to GRe in the presence of GDPβS in the pipette. The bars represent the mean ± the standard deviation. ** p < 0.01. CTRL, control; GDPβS, guanosine 5′-[β-thio]diphosphate; GRe, ginsenoside Re; ICC, interstitial cells of Cajal.