Table 1.
Studies included in the comparison of CBTp vs. TAU and CBTp vs. other psychological interventions: description of the intervention, patient characteristics and outcome measure.
| Author and Year | Subject characteristics: Experimental Condition (EC), Control Condition I (C1) Control Condition II (CCII) | Experimental condition (EC) CBT format patients | Control condition I (CC I) format patients | Control condition II (CC II) | Duration of intervention EC/CCI/CC II | Total no. of sessions, Mean number of sessions, EC/CC I/CC II | Selected outcome measure | Blind assessment? | ITT-data? | Follow-up |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cather et al., 2005 | Number of randomized patients: n = 28, Diagnoses: 17 SZ; 11 SA, Age: EC: M = 45.8 (SD = 10.2) CCI: M = 33.1 (SD = 10.3), Medication: EC: 100%/CCI: 100% | Functional CBT, Based on established manuals (Kingdon and Turkington, 1994; Fowler et al., 1995; Chadwick et al., 1996; Nelson, 1997), Number of randomized patients: n = 15 | Psychoeducation, Number of randomized patients: (n = 15) | 16/16 weeks | Total number of sessions: 16/166 | PSYRATS del. | Yes | No | – | |
| Durham et al., 2003 | Number of randomized patients n = 66, Diagnoses: 59 SZ; 5 SA; 2 DD, Age: EC: M = 36 (SD = 10.0)/CCI: M = 36 (SD = 10.2)/CC II: M = 37 (SD = 11.2), Medication: EC: 100%/CC I: 86% | CBT, Best practice based on established manuals (Tarrier, 1992; Kingdon and Turkington, 1994), Number of randomized patients: n = 22 | TAU, Number of randomized patients: n = 21 | Supportive therapy, Number of randomized patients: n = 23 | 39 weeks/–/22 weeks | Total number of sessions: EC: 20/–/CC II: 20, Mean number of sessions: EC: 14.8,/–/CC II: 16.8, Dsessions = −2.0 | PSYRATS del. | Yes | No | 52 weeks |
| Foster et al., 2010 | Number of randomized patients n = 24, Diagnoses: SZ, SA, and DD1, Age: EC: 40.0 (10.5)/CC I: 39.1 (9.2), Medication: EC: 92%/CCI: 83% | Worry-CBT, Fixed sessions based on a manual (Wells, 1997), Number of randomized patients: n = 12 | TAU, Number of randomized patients: n = 12 | 4 weeks/– | Total number of sessions: 4/– | PSYRATS del. | No | No | 9 weeks | |
| Freeman et al., 2015 | Number of randomized patients: n = 150, Diagnoses: 111 SZ; 11 SA; 10 DD; 18 POS, Age: EC: 40.9 (10.5)/CC I: 42.1 (13.1), Medication: 94%3 | Worry-CBT, Based on self-help manual, (Freeman and Freeman, 2013), Number of randomized patients: n = 73 | TAU, Number of randomized patients: n = 77 | – | 8 weeks./– | Total number of sessions: 6/–, Mean number of sessions: EC: 5.5 | PSYRATS del. | Yes | No | 24 weeks |
| Freeman et al., 2014 | Number of randomized patients: n = 30, Diagnoses: 22 SZ; 6 SA; 1 DD; 1 POS, Age: EC: 41.9 (11.5)/CC I: 41.5 (13.1), Medication: EC: 100%/CC I: 100% | Brief CBT, Based on self-help manual (Freeman and Freeman, 2012), Number of randomized patients: n = 15 | TAU, Number of randomized patients: n = 15 | 8 weeks/– | Total number of sessions: 6/–, Mean number of session: EC: 6.67/– | PSYRATS del. | Yes | No | 12 weeks | |
| Garety et al., 2008 | Number of randomized patients: n = 328, Diagnoses: 258 SZ; 38 SA; 5 DD, Age: n.r., Medication: n.r. | CBT (carer + no-carer), Based on an established manual (Fowler et al., 1995), Number of randomized patients: n = 160 | TAU, Number of randomized patients (carer + no-carer): n = 140 | Family intervention, Number of randomized patients: n = 28 | 39 weeks | Total number of sessions: 20/–, Mean number of sessions: EC: 14.3/–/CC II: 13.9, Dsessions = 0.4 | PSYRATS del., conviction and delusion distress | Yes | No | 52 weeks |
| Haddock et al., 2009 | Number of randomized patients: n = 77, Diagnoses: 69 SZ; 7 SA; 1 POS, Age: EC: 35.7 (12.5)/CC I: 33.9 (9.7), Medication: EC: 100%/CC I: 100% | CBT, Based on an established manual (Haddock et al., 2004), Number of randomized patients: n = 38 | Social activity therapy, Number of randomized patients: n = 38 | 26 weeks | Total number of sessions: 25, Mean number of sessions: EC: 13.13/CC I: 14.9, Dsessions = −1.77 | PSYRATS del. | Yes | No | 24 weeks | |
| Kråkvik et al., 2013 | Number of randomized patients: n = 55, Diagnoses: 34 SZ/2 SA/9 DD, Age: EC: 37.5 (11.2)/ CC I: 35.3 (8.9), Medication: EC: 100%/CC I: 100% | CBT, Simplified version of an established manual (Chadwick et al., 1996), Number of randomized patients: n = 23 | TAU2, Number of randomized patients: n = 22 | – | 26 weeks | Total number of sessions: 20 | PSYRATS cognitive and emotional | No | Yes | 52 weeks2 |
| Lewis et al., 2002 | Number of randomized patients: n = 309, Diagnoses: 123 SZ; 109 SFD; 39 SA; 25 DD; 13 POS, Age: EC: 29.1/CC I: 27.0/CC II: 27.24, Medication: EC: 100%/CC I: 100%/CC II: 100% | CBT, Based on an established manual (Haddock et al., 1999b), Number of randomized patients: n = 101 | TAU, Number of randomized patients: n = 102 | Supportive counseling Number of randomized patients: n = 106 | 5 weeks | Total number of sessions: 20, Mean number of sessions:EC: 16.1/–/CC II: 15.7, Dsessions = −0.4 | PSYRATS del. | Yes | No | 67 weeks |
| Lincoln et al., 2012 | Number of randomized patients: n = 80, Diagnoses: 58 SZ; 13 SA; 5 DD; 4 APD, Age: EC: 33.2 (10.4)/CC I: 33.1 (10.9), Medication: EC: 100%/CC I: 97% | CBTp, Based on an established German manual (Lincoln, 2006), Number of randomized patients: n = 40 | TAU2, Number of randomized patients: n = 40 | – | 38 weeks | No fixed number of sessions. Mean number of sessions EC: 29/– | PDI distress, preoccupation, conviction | No | Yes | 52 weeks2 |
| Morrison et al., 2014 | Number of randomized patients: n = 74, Diagnoses: SZ, SA, and DD1, Age: EC: 33.0 (13.1)/CC I: 29.7 (11.9), Medication: EC: 0%/CC I: 0% | CBTp, Based on established manuals (Morrison et al., 2004; Kingdon and Turkington, 2005), Number of randomized patients: n = 37 | TAU, Number of randomized patients: n = 37 | – | 39 weeks | Total number of sessions: 26, Mean number of sessions: EC: 13.3/– | PSYRATS cognitive and emotional | Yes | No | 19 weeks |
| O'Connor et al., 2007 | Number of randomized patients: n = 24, Diagnoses: 24 DD, Age: EC: 40.0 (9.4)/CC I: 36.8 (13.5), Medication: EC: 100%/CC I: 100% | CBTp, Based on established manuals (Fowler et al., 1995; Chadwick et al., 1996), Number of randomized patients: n = 12 | Attention placebo control, Number of randomized patients: n = 12 | – | 24 weeks | Total number of sessions: 24 | MADS | Yes | No | – |
| Pinninti et al., 2010 | Number of randomized patients: n = 33, Diagnoses: 11 SZ; 22 SA, Age: 40.0 (11.0)3, Medication: EC: 100%/CC I: 100% | CBTp, Not manualized, Number of randomized patients: n = 18 | TAU, Number of randomized patients: n = 15 | – | 12 weeks | Total number of sessions: 12, Mean number of sessions EC: 11.9/– | PSYRATS del. | Yes | No | 24 weeks |
| Rathod et al., 2013 | Number of randomized patients n = 35, Diagnoses: SZ, SA, and DD1, Age: EC: 31.4 (12.3)/CC I: 35.6 (10.7), Medication: EC: 100%/CC I: 100% | Culturally adapted CBTp Based on a study protocol (Rathod et al., 2010), Number of randomized patients: n = 17 | TAU, Number of randomized patients: n = 15 | – | 18 weeks | Total number of sessions: 16, Mean number of sessions: EC: 13.6/– | CPRS del. | Yes | Yes | 26 weeks |
| Tarrier et al., 1993 | Number of randomized patients: n = 27, Diagnoses: 307 SZ, Age: EC: 42.8 (12.3)/CC I: 42.8 (12.3), Medication: EC: 100%/CC I: 100% | Coping strategy enhancement, Based on an established manual (Tarrier, 1992), Number of randomized patients: n = 15 | Problem solving, Number of randomized patients: n = 12 | – | 5 weeks | Total number of sessions: 10 | PAS delusions | No | No | 31 weeks |
| Tarrier et al., 2014 | Number of randomized patients n = 49, Diagnoses: SZ, SA, DD, POS1, Age: EC: 32.6 (11.7)/CC I: 37.3 (14.2), Medication: EC: 100%/CC I: 100% | CBT for suicidal patients, Based on a manual (Tarrier et al., 2013), Number of randomized patients: n = 25 | TAU, Number of randomized patients: n = 24 | – | 12 weeks | Total number of sessions: 24 | PSYRATS del. | Yes | No | 17 weeks |
| Turkington et al., 2006 | Number of randomized patients: n = 422, Diagnoses: 422 SZ, Age: n. r., Medication: EC: 100%/CC I: 100% | CBTp, Based on established manuals (Kingdon and Turkington, 1994, 2005), Number of randomized patients: n = 281 | TAU2, Number of randomized patients: n = 141 | – | 10.5 weeks | Total number of sessions: Mean number of sessions: EC: 6/– | PSYRATS del. | Yes | No | 52 weeks |
| Valmaggia et al., 2005 | Number of randomized patients: n = 62, Diagnoses: 62 SZ, Age: EC: 35.4 (10.5)/CC I: 35.5 (11.4), Medication: EC: 100%/CC I: 100% | CBTp, Based on an established manual (Kingdon and Turkington, 1994), Number of randomized patients: n = 36 | Supportive counseling, Number of randomized patients: n = 26 | – | 22 weeks | Total number of sessions: 16 | PSYRATS cognitive and emotional scale | Yes | Yes | 48 weeks |
| Waller et al., 2015 | Number of randomized patients: n = 31, Diagnoses: 27 SZ, 2 SA, 2 DD, Age: EC: 39.1 (10.5)/CC I: 43.0 (10.7), Medication: EC: 90%/CC I: 91% | Focused CBT, Sessions described in the study, Number of randomized patients: n = 20 | TAU, Number of randomized patients: n = 11 | – | 5 weeks | Total number of sessions: 4 | PSYRATS del. | No | Yes | 8 weeks |
M, Mean; SD, Standard deviation; TAU, Treatment as Usual; EC, Experimental condition; CCI, Control condition I; CCII, Control condition II; SZ, Schizophrenia; SA, Schizoaffective Disorder; DD, Delusional disorder; APD, Acute psychotic disorder; POS, Psychosis not otherwise specified; SFD, Schizophreniform disorder;Medication, percentage of patients treated with antipsychotic medication. PSYRATSdel., PSYRATS delusions score; CPRS, Comprehensive Psychopathology Rating Scale; PAS, Psychiatric Assessment Scale;n.r., not reported;Dsessions, Mean number of CBT sessions—Mean number of other therapy sessions;
1
no information on diagnosis ratio;
2
study was not included in follow-up comparison between CBTp and TAU,as the study used a wait-list design and comparisons between CBTp and TAU are not possible at follow-up assessment;
3
variable was only reported for all patients;
4
SD was not reported.