FIGURE 3.

Expression marker genes for defense priming of SA, JA, and ET signaling pathways in Arabidopsis Col-0 plants treated with volatile 3-pentanol (100 nM) and subsequently challenged with P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pto) (A). Expression of PR1, PDF1.2, and CHIB was analyzed with qRT-PCR at 0 and 7 days after volatile 3-pentanol treatment (B) and then at 0, 6, and 12 h after Pto inoculation (C). The housekeeping gene, AtActin, was used to indicate equal loading. Asterisks indicate significant differences among treatments (P = 0.05 by LSD). Error bars represent means ± SEM; N = 12 plants per treatment.