Table 1.
Clinical and demographic characteristics of study participants by CKD status
| Characteristic | Overall | CKD | No CKD | P Value | Albuminuria | No Albuminuria | P Value | eGFRcreat-cyst | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <60 | ≥60 | |||||||||
| Number of participants | 14,035 | 2112 | 11,923 | 1900 | 12,135 | 386 | 13,649 | |||
| Age, yr | 41.1 (40.6 to 41.6) | 48.2 (47.0 to 49.4) | 40.0 (39.5 to 40.5) | <0.001 | 46.6 (45.4 to 47.9) | 40.3 (39.8 to 40.8) | <0.001 | 62.5 (61.1 to 63.9) | 40.6 (40.1 to 41.1) | <0.001 |
| Women | 52.5 | 50.9 | 52.7 | 0.29 | 50.2 | 52.8 | 0.14 | 48.3 | 52.6 | 0.23 |
| ≥10 yr in United States | 72.3 | 77.4 | 71.5 | <0.001 | 77.4 | 71.6 | <0.001 | 79.3 | 72.1 | 0.06 |
| US born | 23.0 | 19.5 | 23.5 | 0.01 | 20.4 | 23.3 | 0.05 | 12.7 | 23.2 | <0.001 |
| Annual income <$20,000 | 41.8 | 47.5 | 40.9 | <0.001 | 46.6 | 41.1 | 0.003 | 56.9 | 41.4 | <0.001 |
| Less than high school education | 32.2 | 39.4 | 31.1 | <0.001 | 38.5 | 31.3 | <0.001 | 47.6 | 31.8 | <0.001 |
| Health insurance | 50.7 | 59.8 | 49.3 | <0.001 | 57.7 | 49.8 | <0.001 | 78.7 | 50.1 | <0.001 |
| Current smoker | 21.1 | 21.1 | 21.1 | 0.99 | 21.0 | 21.2 | 0.89 | 21.9 | 21.1 | 0.80 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 6.0 | 12.5 | 5.0 | <0.001 | 11.9 | 5.2 | <0.001 | 23.0 | 5.6 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 21.8 | 49.2 | 17.6 | <0.001 | 46.9 | 18.4 | <0.001 | 74.2 | 20.6 | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 119.8 (119.3 to 120.4) | 130.6 (129.2 to 132.1) | 118.2 (117.7 to 118.6) | <0.001 | 130.6 (129.0 to 132.1) | 118.4 (117.9 to 118.8) | <0.001 | 137.1 (134.2 to 140.1) | 119.4 (118.9 to 119.9) | <0.001 |
| BP >130/80 mmHg | 22.0 | 45.0 | 18.4 | <0.001 | 45.1 | 18.8 | <0.001 | 56.2 | 21.2 | <0.001 |
| BP >140/90 mmHg | 11.1 | 30.0 | 8.2 | <0.001 | 30.4 | 8.4 | <0.001 | 37.1 | 10.5 | <0.001 |
| BMI ≥30 kg/m2 | 39.9 | 49.6 | 38.4 | <0.001 | 49.5 | 38.6 | <0.001 | 52.1 | 39.6 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 97.4 (97.0 to 97.8) | 102.0 (100.9 to 103.0) | 96.7 (96.2 to 97.1) | <0.001 | 101.6 (100.5 to 102.8) | 96.8 (96.4 to 97.3) | <0.001 | 105.4 (103.3 to 107.5) | 97.2 (96.8 to 97.6) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 14.6 | 37.7 | 11.0 | <0.001 | 36.6 | 11.6 | <0.001 | 54.1 | 13.7 | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin A1c, % | 5.7 (5.7 to 5.8) | 6.5 (6.4 to 6.6) | 5.6 (5.6 to 5.6) | <0.001 | 6.5 (6.4 to 6.6) | 5.6 (5.6 to 5.6) | <0.001 | 6.5 (6.3 to 6.7) | 5.7 (5.7 to 5.7) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dl | 114 (79 to 160) | 132 (91 to 187) | 112 (77 to 159) | — | 131 (90 to 187) | 112 (78 to 159) | — | 140 (108 to 188) | 113 (79 to 162) | — |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dl | 193.3 (192.2 to 194.4) | 195.6 (193.2 to 198.0) | 193.0 (191.8 to 194.1) | <0.001 | 195.4 (192.9 to 197.8) | 193.1 (191.9 to 194.2) | <0.001 | 195.5 (189.9 to 201.1) | 193.3 (192.2 to 194.4) | <0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dl | 119.7 (118.8 to 120.7) | 119.7 (117.8 to 121.7) | 119.7 (118.7 to 120.8) | <0.001 | 119.5 (117.5 to 121.6) | 119.8 (118.8 to 120.8) | <0.001 | 119.3 (114.3 to 124.2) | 119.8 (118.8 to 120.7) | <0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dl | 48.8 (48.5 to 49.2) | 47.6 (46.8 to 48.5) | 49.0 (48.6 to 49.3) | <0.001 | 47.8 (46.9 to 48.7) | 48.9 (48.6 to 49.3) | <0.001 | 45.7 (44.5 to 47.0) | 48.9 (48.5 to 49.2) | <0.001 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L | 3.9 (3.7 to 4.1) | 5.8 (4.9 to 6.7) | 3.6 (3.4 to 3.8) | <0.001 | 5.8 (4.9 to 6.8) | 3.6 (3.4 to 3.8) | <0.001 | 6.6 (5.4 to 7.9) | 3.8 (3.6 to 4.0) | <0.001 |
| Use of ACEi/ARB | 8.5 | 19.6 | 6.8 | <0.001 | 18.4 | 7.2 | <0.001 | 33.0 | 8.0 | <0.001 |
| CKD awareness | — | 17.8 | — | — | 17.2 | 23.1 | 0.17 | 33.9 | 14.3 | <0.001 |
| Urine ACR ≥300 mg/g | 1.4 | 10.6 | — | — | 11.7 | — | — | 18.6 | 1.0 | <0.001 |
For continuous variables, weighted mean (95% confidence interval) values are presented unless otherwise specified; for categorical variables, weighted proportions are reported. eGFR, ml/min per 1.73 m2; BMI, body mass index; ACEi, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotenin receptor blocker; ACR, albumin/creatinine ratio; –, not applicable.