Table 1.
Characteristics of included cohorts
| Cohort | Country/ region |
Total N | Age, y |
% Female |
% Black |
% Current Smoker |
% DM |
% HTN drug |
SBP | Total Chol |
HDLC | % eGFR <60 |
% alb‡ |
CVM | CHD | Stroke | HF | F/U time |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| General Population |
||||||||||||||||||
| ARIC*a | US | 9540 | 63 (6) |
58% | 22% | 15% | 15% | 38% | 127 (19) |
5.2 (0.9) |
1.3 (0.4) |
5% | 7% | 277 | 1193 | 436 | 952 | 13 (12, 14) |
| AusDiab* a | Australia | 9933 | 50 (14) |
56% | 0% | 16% | 7% | 13% | 129 (18) |
5.7 (1.1) |
1.4 (0.4) |
5% | 6% | 104 | 154 | 8 (7, 8) | ||
| Beaver Dam a |
US | 4065 | 61 (11) |
58% | 0% | 21% | 8% | 27% | 132 (20) |
6.1 (1.1) |
1.4 (0.5) |
12% | 3% | 427 | 484 | 13 (12, 14) | ||
| CIRCS a | Japan | 4045 | 54 (9) |
61% | 0% | 26% | 4% | 13% | 131 (18) |
5.1 (0.9) |
1.5 (0.4) |
3% | 3% | 162 | 19 (15, 21) | |||
| COBRA* a | Pakistan | 2626 | 51 (11) |
52% | 0% | 39% | 20% | 14% | 136 (23) |
4.9 (1.0) |
1.0 (0.3) |
2% | 9% | 71 | 4 (4, 5) | |||
| ESTHER a | Germany | 4573 | 61 (7) |
57% | 0% | 16% | 16% | 37% | 139 (20) |
5.7 (1.3) |
1.4 (0.4) |
13% | 10% | 108 | 281 | 201 | 9 (9, 10) | |
| Framingham * a |
US | 2777 | 58 (10) |
55% | 0% | 15% | 8% | 26% | 128 (19) |
5.3 (1.0) |
1.3 (0.4) |
6% | 11% | 101 | 80 | 11 (10, 12) | ||
| Gubbio* a | Italy | 1592 | 54 (6) |
56% | 0% | 31% | 5% | 19% | 130 (18) |
5.9 (1.0) |
1.3 (0.3) |
1% | 4% | 70 | 11 (10, 12) | |||
| HUNT* a | Norway | 7317 | 60 (15) |
58% | 0% | 22% | 16% | 63% | 150 (24) |
6.3 (1.2) |
1.4 (0.4) |
8% | 10% | 586 | 13 (13, 14) | |||
| IPHS a | Japan | 78237 | 59 (10) |
75% | 0% | 8% | 5% | 20% | 133 (18) |
5.3 (0.9) |
1.4 (0.4) |
4% | 2% | 4165 | 17 (17, 17) | |||
| MESA* a | US | 6704 | 62 (10) |
53% | 28% | 13% | 13% | 37% | 127 (21) |
5.0 (0.9) |
1.3 (0.4) |
13% | 10% | 117 | 398 | 146 | 190 | 9 (8, 9) |
| NHANESIII * a |
US | 14388 | 44 (19) |
54% | 28% | 26% | 10% | 12% | 124 (19) |
5.2 (1.1) |
1.3 (0.4) |
5% | 10% | 601 | 9 (7, 10) | |||
| Ohasama a | Japan | 1428 | 63 (9) |
66% | 0% | 13% | 10% | 25% | 129 (17) |
5.1 (0.9) |
1.4 (0.4) |
5% | 7% | 58 | 83 | 11 (9, 12) | ||
| PREVEND* a |
Netherlands | 7433 | 48 (12) |
52% | 1% | 34% | 3% | 13% | 128 (20) |
5.6 (1.1) |
1.3 (0.4) |
5% | 10% | 117 | 376 | 145 | 10 (10, 11) | |
| Rancho Bernardo* a |
US | 1251 | 69 (12) |
62% | 0% | 8% | 11% | 34% | 134 (22) |
5.4 (0.9) |
1.5 (0.4) |
19% | 13% | 132 | 137 | 98 | 55 | 12 (9, 14) |
| REGARDS* a |
US | 22147 | 64 (9) |
58% | 41% | 14% | 18% | 47% | 127 (16) |
5.3 (1.0) |
1.4 (0.4) |
9% | 13% | 527 | 1041 | 586 | 5 (4, 6) | |
| Severance a | Korea | 45221 | 47 (12) |
64% | 0% | 22% | 6% | 6% | 123 (20) |
5.0 (0.9) |
1.4 (0.3) |
5% | 4% | 176 | 704 | 1566 | 189 | 11 (9, 14) |
| Taiwan a | Taiwan | 376104 | 40 (13) |
49% | 0% | 24% | 5% | 5% | 120 (19) |
5.0 (1.0) |
1.3 (0.4) |
3% | 1% | 1588 | 8 (4, 11) | |||
| ULSAM* a | Sweden | 957 | 71 (1) |
0% | 0% | 20% | 18% | 31% | 147 (18) |
5.8 (1.0) |
1.3 (0.3) |
7% | 15% | 158 | 124 | 149 | 13 (11, 14) | |
| High Risk | 3.8% | 2.9% | ||||||||||||||||
| ADVANCE *b |
Multiple | 7939 | 66 (6) |
46% | 0% | 16% | 100 % |
72% | 145 (21) |
5.3 (1.2) |
1.3 (0.4) |
14% | 30% | 261 | 456 | 243 | 168 | 5 (5, 5) |
| NZDCS* b | New Zealand |
26698 | 61 (14) |
49% | 0% | 15% | 100 % |
52% | 139 (19) |
5.3 (1.1) |
1.3 (0.4) |
25% | 8% | 794 | 989 | 390 | 283 | 8 (6, 9) |
| ZODIAC* b | Netherlands | 438 | 66 (12) |
63% | 0% | 20% | 100 % |
39% | 156 (26) |
5.7 (1.1) |
1.2 (0.4) |
30% | 35% | 51 | 10 (7, 10) | |||
| CKD | 22.5% | 13.4% | ||||||||||||||||
| MDRD†c | US | 748 | 51 (12) |
40% | 12% | 12% | 6% | 75% | 137 (19) |
5.6 (1.2) |
1.0 (0.4) |
90% | 85% | 136 | 17 (11, 18) | |||
| Sunnybrook *c |
Canada | 1154 | 55 (18) |
50% | 0% | 6% | 30% | 44% | 133 (22) |
5.0 (1.3) |
1.4 (0.5) |
43% | 71% | 50 | 6 (4, 9) | |||
| Total | 637315 | 10605 | 6283 | 4180 | 2066 | |||||||||||||
ARIC: Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, AusDiab: Australian Diabetes, Obesity, and Lifestyle Study, Beaver Dam: Beaver Dam CKD Study, CIRCS: Circulatory Risk in Communities Study, COBRA: Control of Blood Pressure & Risk Attenuation Study, ESTHER: ESTHER Study, Framingham: Framingham Heart Study, Gubbio: Gubbio Study, HUNT: Nord Trøndelag Health Study, IPHS: Ibaraki Prefectural Health Study, MESA: Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, NHANES III: Third US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Ohasama: Ohasama Study, PREVEND: Prevention of Renal and Vascular End-stage Disease Study, Rancho Bernardo: Rancho Bernardo Study, REGARDS: Reasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke Study, Severance: Severance Cohort Study, Taiwan: Taiwan MJ Cohort Study, ULSAM: Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men, ADVANCE: The Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron Modified Release Controlled Evaluation (ADVANCE) trial, NZDCS: New Zealand Diabetes Cohort Study, ZODIAC: Zwolle Outpatient Diabetes project Integrating Available Care, MDRD: Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study, Sunnybrook: Sunnybrook Cohort;
DM: diabetes mellitus, HTN: hypertension, SBP: systolic blood pressure, HDLC: high density lipoprotein cholesterol, eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate, alb: albuminuria, CVM: cardiovascular mortality, CHD: coronary heart disease, HF: heart failure, F/U: median follow-up time (interquartile range);
Studies with urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio
Studies with urine protein-to-creatinine ratio
Proportion of participants with ACR ≥30 mg/g or PCR ≥50 mg/g or dipstick protein ≥1+.
General population cohorts,
High risk cohorts,
Chronic kidney disease cohorts