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The RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK pathway and the mechanism of action of vemurafenib, dabrafenib and trametinib. Oncogenic mutations in the BRAF protein cause overactivation of this pathway, leading to increased cell proliferation, cell survival, and angiogenesis (A). Vemurafenib and dabrafenib selectively inhibit mutated BRAF proteins, whereas trametinib inhibits MEK and downstream ERK signalling. TF, transcription factor (B)
