Erratum

In Ruxton et al. (2015) tables 2015 and were omitted from the publication. These tables are shown below:

Table 1.

Included Study Characteristics

Study	Design	Setting/Data source	Accrual period	Sample size	Anticholinergic exposure	Inclusion criteria (Exclusion criteria)	Follow-up
Berdot et al. 2009	Prospective cohort	Bordeaux, Dijon, Montpellier (France); The 3C cohort study	1999–2000	6343	AC drug class	Aged ≥65 years, non-institutionalised, living in either cities, registered with electoral roll.	2 and 4 years
Campbell et al. 2010	Prospective cohort	Indianapolis-Ibadan Dementia Project (IIDP) cohort	2001	1652	AC drug class	African Americans aged ≥70 years, enrolled in IIDP between 2001–2007, normal cognitive function at baseline. (Dementia, cognitive impairment no dementia, or poor screening performance at baseline)	3 and 6 years
Carriere et al. 2009	Prospective cohort	Bordeaux, Dijon, Montpellier (France); The 3C cohort study	1999–2001	6912	AC drug class	Aged ≥65 years, non-institutionalised. (Dementia)	2 and 4 years
Coupland et al. 2011	Retrospective cohort	UK QResearch primary care database. General practices	1996–2007	60 746	Amitriptyline; Mirtazapine; Paroxetine; Trazodone	Aged ≥65–100 years, medical record diagnosis of depression, diagnosis made at ≥65 years, diagnosis was recorded between 1/01/1996–31/12/2007, identified using QResearch primary care database. (Temporary residents, previous diagnosis of depression in the 12-month period prior to their index-recorded, prescribed antidepressants in the 12-month period prior to recorded depression diagnosis, diagnosis of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder or other types of psychoses)	N/A
Fox et al. 2011	Prospective cohort	England and Wales, UK. Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing study (MRC CFAS)	1991–1993	12 250	ACB scale	Aged ≥65 years, living in the community and institutions	2 years
Hien et al. 2005	Prospective cohort	Sydney, Australia. Fracture Risk Epidemiology in the Elderly study	1999–2003	2005	Olanzapine; Risperidone	≥ 65 years, living in nursing homes and hostels	1 month
Hoffmann et al. 2003	Randomised control trial	N/A	N/A	494	Olanzapine; Risperidone	≥ 65 years, living in the community.	N/A
Lackner et al. 2008	Randomised control trial	Minnesota, USA. Nursing homes	2003–2005	50	Oxybutynin	Female, Aged ≥65, Resident for ≥3 months in long-stay nursing home unit, MMSE score of 5–23, Global Deterioration Scale score of 3–6, urinary incontinence, ≥1 symptom or sign of urge urinary incontinence; nocturia or nocturnal enuresis >2 times per night; staff observation that incontinence occurs on way to toilet or resident reports urgency; or medical record documentation of detrusor overactivity or urgency, Ability to swallow medication intact, Medication adherence rate ≥ 80% during the week before screening. (Terminal illness, bed-bound, non-communicative, delirium, Lewy body dementia, history of ≥3 UTI’s in previous year or current infection, post-void residual urine volume ≥ 150 mL, urethral diverticulum, bladder tumor or stone, severe pelvic organ prolapse or vaginitis, genitourinary surgery within past 6 months, hepatic disease, severe cardiovascular disease, myasthenia gravis, spinal cord injury, bowel movement < every 3 days, history of GI obstruction or decreased motility, current drug therapy for urinary incontinence, Current use of acetylcholinesterase inhibitor or bisphosphonate, investigational drug, systemic or ophthalmic cholinomimetic drug, diphenhydramine, or gastrointestinal antispasmodic within 2 weeks before trial).	1 month
Lowry et al. 2011	Prospective cohort	Aberdeen NHS Grampians, Scotland. Geriatric wards	2010	362	ARS scale	Aged ≥60 years, living in the community and institutions. (Opt-out basis).	N/A
Lowry et al. 2012	Prospective cohort	Aberdeen NHS Grampians, Scotland. Geriatric wards	2010	362	DBI (AC)	Aged ≥60 years, living in the community and institutions. (Opt-out basis).	6.5 months
Luukkanen et al. 2011	Retrospective cohort	Helsinki, Finland	1999–2000	425	AC drug class	Aged ≥70 years. (Coma).	2 years
Mangoni et al. 2013	Prospective cohort	Amsterdam, Netherlands. Academic Medical Centre	2005–2008	71	ACB scale; ADS; ARS; DBI (AC)	Aged ≥65–100 years, admitted with hip fracture and scheduled for surgery. (No informed consent, no blood withdrawal for SAA, no SAA before surgery).	1 year
Marras et al. 2012	Case–control	Ontario, Canada. Ontario drug benefit database	2002–2007	31 328	Quetiapine	Aged ≥70 years, Parkinson’s disease. (Dispensed any antipsychotic drug in the year prior to cohort entry, prior diagnoses of primary psychiatric disorders requiring treatment with antipsychotics, diagnostic codes for brain tumour or pituitary disorders in the preceding 5 years, receiving palliative care services in the 6 months prior to cohort entry).	1 month
Panula et al. 2009	Retrospective cohort	Satakunta province, Western Finland	1999–2000	461	AC drug class	Aged ≥65 years, admitted with hip fracture and scheduled for surgery. (Non-residents undergoing hip fracture surgery in study area).	3 years
Thapa et al. 1998	Retrospective cohort	Tennessee, USA	1993–1996	2428	Amitriptyline; Imipramine; Nortriptyline; Paroxetine; Trazodone	Aged ≥65 years, no antidepressant use during the previous 90 days, restricted to new users of either tricyclic or other heterocyclic antidepressants, SSRI’s, or trazodone. (Users of multiple types of antidepressants and those for whom the primary reason for starting therapy was somatic e.g. migraine, peripheral neuropathy, or pain).	N/A
Trifiro et al. 2007	Case–control	The Netherlands. Integrated Primary Care Information IPCI database.	1996–2004	4430	Clozapine; Olanzapine; Quetiapine; Risperidone	Aged ≥65 years, with dementia, at least 1 year recorded in IPIC database during study period	N/A
Uusvaara et al. 2011	Prospective cohort	Helsinki, Finland. Drugs and Evidence-Based Medicine in the Elderly (DEBATE) study.	1998–200	400	AC drug class	Aged 75–90 years, non-institutionalised, diagnosis of CVD.	3.3 years
Whalley et al. 2012	Prospective cohort	NHS Grampian, Scotland. Scottish Mental Survey.	1998–2000	281	AC drug class	Aged between 78–83 years, living independently in the community.	15 months to 5 years

Abbreviations: ACB: Anticholinergic cognitive burden scale; AC: Anticholinergic; AC drug class: drugs classified as having anticholinergic effects by individual authors; ADS: Anticholinergic drug scale; CVD: Cardiovascular disease; DBI: Drug burden index; GI: gastrointestinal; MMSE: Mini Mental State Examination; NHS: National Health Service; N/A: not applicable; SSRIs: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; SAA: Serum anticholinergic activity; UTIs: Urinary tract infections.

Table 2.

Results of Individual Studies

Study	Outcome	Number of events (data used in analysis)/no outcome	Risk estimate (95% CI)	Variables accounted for
Berdot et al. 2009	Falls	2673/3670	*RR 1.19 (1.06–1.34)	*Unadjusted RR produced using no fall against ≥1 fall as RR presented in study combined no fall 1 fall against ≥2 falls.
Campbell et al. 2010	Dementia	339/1313	OR 1.43 (0.98–2.07)	Adjusting for age at baseline, gender, education, and baseline CSI-D score.
Carriere et al. 2009	Dementia	221 (177)/6691	HR 1.65 (1.00–2.73)	Adjusted for centre, age, sex, education, BMI, alcohol, tobacco and caffeine intake, mobility, hypercholesterolemia, ApoE ε4, diabetes mellitus, asthma, depression, ischemic diseases, Parkinson’s disease and hypertension.
Coupland et al. 2011	Falls	11 251/42 912	Amitriptyline HR 1.32 (1.22–1.42)	Adjusted for gender, age (5-year bands), year, depression severity, depression before age 65 years, smoking status, Townsend deprivation score, CHD, diabetes, hypertension, stroke, cancer, dementia, epilepsy/seizures, Parkinson’s disease, hypothyroidism, obsessive–compulsive disorder, statins, NSAIDs, antipsychotics, lithium, aspirin, antihypertensives, anticonvulsants and hypnotics/anxiolytics.
			Mirtazapine HR 1.19 (1.05–1.36)
			Paroxetine HR 1.45 (1.31–1.59)
			Trazodone HR 1.55 (1.29–1.87)
	All-cause mortality	17 834/49 495	Amitriptyline HR 1.10 (1.03–1.18)	Adjusted for gender, age (5-year bands), year, depression severity, depression before age 65 years, smoking status, Townsend deprivation score, CHD, diabetes, hypertension, stroke, cancer, dementia, epilepsy/seizures, Parkinson’s disease, hypothyroidism, OCD, statins, NSAIDs, antipsychotics, lithium, aspirin, antihypertensives, anticonvulsants and hypnotics/anxiolytics.
			Mirtazapine HR 1.76 (1.62–1.91)
			Paroxetine HR 1.24 (1.14–1.35)
			Trazodone HR 1.82 (1.59–2.08)
Fox et al. 2011	All-cause mortality	1223/11 027	ACB OR 1.26 (1.20–1.32)	Adjusting for age, sex, baseline MMSE score, education, social class, number of non-AC medications, and number of health conditions.
Hien et al. 2005	Falls	226 (75)/1779	Olanzapine HR 1.74 (1.04–2.90)	Adjusted for other psychotropics in the model, age, sex, type of residential care facility, length of stay (log), RCS score, Implicit Illness, Severity Scale score, MMSE score, Parkinson’s disease, previous falls, and static balance score. One hundred sixty subjects were missing from analysis because of missing data on one or more variables.
			Risperidone HR 1.32 (0.57–3.06)
Hoffmann et al. 2003	Falls	47/447	No. (%)	No adjustments
			Olanzapine 23 (11.3%)
			Risperidone 18 (9.2%)
			Placebo 6 (6.4%)
			Olanzapine *OR 1.86 (0.73–4.74)	*Unadjusted OR produced using raw numbers.
			Risperidone *OR 1.48 (0.57–3.87)
Lackner et al. 2008	Falls	3/47	Oxybutynin *OR 0.44 (0.04–5.19)	*Unadjusted OR produced using raw numbers.
Lowry et al. 2011	All-cause mortality	36/326	ARS score HR 1.04 (0.67–1.62)	Adjusted for age, sex, institution, dementia, CCI, number of non-AC drugs, hospital site, Barthel Index category (<50 vs. 50+).
Lowry et al. 2012	All-cause mortality	36/326	DBI (AC) HR 1.10 (0.44–2.74)	Adjusted for age, sex, institution, dementia, CCI, number of non-AC drugs, hospital site, Barthel Index category (<50 vs. 50+).
Luukkanen et al. 2011	All-cause mortality	198/227	HR 1.12 (0.75–1.68)	Adjusted for age, CCI, male gender.
Mangoni et al. 2013	All-cause mortality	9/62 (3 months)	3 months	*Adjusted for age, sex, CCI, preadmission cognitive impairment.
		18/53 (1 year)	*ARS score HR 1.6 (1.2–2.2)	No adjustments for rest of estimates.
			ADS HR 1.3 (0.9–1.9)
			ABS HR 1.1 (0.7–1.8)
			DBI (AC) HR 4.5 (1.2–16.7)
			1 year
			ARS scale HR 1.4 (1.1–1.8)
			ADS HR 1.2 (0.9–1.6)
			ACB HR 1.1 (0.7–1.8)
			DBI (AC) HR 3.2 (1.1–9.4)
Marras et al. 2012	All-cause mortality	5391 (368)/25 937	Quetiapine OR 1.8 (1.1–3.0)	Adjusted for CCI score, dementia, and changes in residence (community to long term care) between cohort entry and index date
Panula et al. 2009	All-cause mortality	229/232	Males:	Males: Adjusted for age, cardiovascular disease, chronic lung disease.
			30 days: HR 2.19 (0.76–6.29)
			3 months: HR 2.52 (1.05–6.03)
			6 months: HR 2.22 (0.99–5.01)	*Females: no association between anticholinergics and mortality
			1 year: HR 1.99 (1.09–3.63)
			Females: *no data provided
Thapa et al. 1998	Falls	3524 (2649)/N/A	Amitriptyline Rate ratio 1.9 (1.7–2.1)	Adjusted for age, sex, race, time since admission to the facility and since the index date, BMI, ambulatory status, no. of activities of daily living in which the resident was totally dependent on care providers, incontinence, cognitive impairment, use of physical restraints, previous falls, and use of anticonvulsants, antiparkinsonian drugs, benzodiazepines, antipsychotics, and other sedatives.
			Imipramine Rate ratio 2.2 (1.8–2.6)
			Nortriptyline Rate ratio 2.0 (1.8–2.3)
			Paroxetine Rate ratio 1.7 (1.5–1.9)
			Trazodone Rate ratio 1.2 (1.0–1.4)
Trifiro et al. 2007	All-cause mortality	407 (232)/4023	Clozapine OR 1.8 (0.3–11.2)	Adjusted for gender and factors changing the risk estimate for antipsychotic users by more than 5% (Heart failure, COPD, Parkinson(ism), home-bound lifestyle, benzodiazepines and antibiotics).
			Olanzapine OR 6.7 (1.4–32.1)
			Quetiapine OR no data
			Risperidone OR 1.7 (0.9–3.4)
Uusvaara et al. 2011	All-cause mortality	71/329	HR 1.57 (0.78–3.15)	Adjusted for age, sex, CCI.
Whalley et al. 2012	Dementia	45/226	HR 0.67 (0.40–1.15)	Adjusted for age, female gender, IQ at age 11, education, history of dementia in a parent or sibling, personal history of treated heart disease, personal history of treated hypertension; exposed to AC drugs (mild-moderate-strong), APOE ε4.

Abbreviations: AC: anticholinergic; ACB: anticholinergic cognitive burden scale; ADS: anticholinergic drug scale; APOE: apolipoprotein E; ARS: anticholinergic risk scale; BMI: body mass index; CCI: Charlson comorbidity index; CI: confidence interval; CHD: coronary heart disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CSI-D: Communtiy Screening Interview for Dementia score; DBI: drug burden index; HR: hazard ratio; IQ: intelligence quotient; MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination; NSAIDs: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; OCD: obsessive–compulsive disorder; OR: odds ratio; RCS: Residential Classification Scale; RR: relative risk.

We apologize for this error and any confusion it might have caused.