. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Oct 6.

Published in final edited form as: Nor Epidemiol. 2012;21(2):241–250. doi: 10.5324/nje.v21i2.1500

Table 6.

Odds ratio^a of isolated cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) by maternal haplotypes and maternal smoking (165 cases vs. 615 controls).

			Without adjustment for smoking		With adjustment for smoking^c
	Haplotype^b	One or two copies	OR^**	95% CI	OR^**	95% CI
GABBR2	t-a-T	One	1.0	0.7–1.6	1.0	0.7–1.6
GABBR2	t-a-T	Two	0.3	0.0–2.2	0.4	0.1–2.6
Smoking					1.8^***	1.2–2.5

DDC	G-G-c-G-c	One	1.5	1.0–2.5	1.5	0.9–2.4
DDC	G-G-c-G-c	Two	2.4	0.2–28.0	2.3	0.3–20.5
Smoking					1.6^***	1.2–2.5

CHRNA4	g-C	One	1.2	0.9–1.6	1.2	0.9–1.6
	g-C	Two	1.2	0.7–1.9	1.2	0.7–2.0
	A-t	One	1.1	0.8–1.7	1.1	0.8–1.6
	A-t	Two	0.2	0.0–1.3	0.2	0.0–1.1
Smoking					1.6^***	1.2–2.2

Odds ratio of maternal smoking during the first trimester of pregnancy estimated by frequency-weighted logistic regression, using the probability distribution of possible haplotypes for each mother as predicted by HAPLIN from the offspring-parent trios.

Haplotypes of rs1435252-rs3780422-rs2779562 for GABBR2; rs2060762-rs3757472-rs1451371-rs3735273-rs921451 for DDC; and of rs4522666-rs1044393 for CHRNA4.

With maternal smoking during the first trimester of pregnancy included as an adjustment variable in the analysis.

^**

Using the most frequent haplotype for each gene as reference.

^***

Effect of smoking vs. no-smoking.

Abbreviations: GABBR2, gamma-aminobutyric acid B receptor 2; DDC, dopa decarboxylase; CHRNA4, cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 4; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; ref, reference haplotype.