Table 3.
Hookah Lounge Awareness, Use, and Support among Undergraduate Students at a University in San Diego, CA (N = 1332)
| All participants |
Ever Hookah Smokers |
|||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total N = 1332 | Ever Hookah Smokers N = 970 | Never Hookah Smokers N = 362 | Men N = 344 | Women N = 626 | ||||||||
| N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | pa | N | (%) | N | (%) | pa | |
| How did you first become aware of hookah lounges?b | ||||||||||||
| Friends | 643 | (69.7) | 495 | (77.8) | 148 | (51.7) | 146 | (72.2) | 339 | (80.7) | ||
| Passing by one | 132 | (14.3) | 79 | (12.4) | 53 | (18.5) | 32 | (14.8) | 47 | (11.2) | ||
| Mediac | 88 | (9.5) | 44 | (6.9) | 44 | (15.4) | 24 | (11.1) | 20 | (4.8) | ||
| Not aware | 35 | (3.8) | 4 | (0.6) | 31 | (10.8) | 2 | (0.9) | 2 | (0.5) | ||
| Family | 24 | (2.6) | 14 | (2.2) | 10 | (3.5) | <.001 | 2 | (0.9) | 12 | (2.9) | .007 |
| Have you ever been to a hookah lounge? | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 663 | (66.1) | 599 | (85.4) | 64 | (21.2) | 198 | (82.5) | 401 | (87.0) | ||
| No | 340 | (33.9) | 102 | (14.6) | 238 | (78.8) | <.001 | 42 | (17.5) | 60 | (13.0) | .110 |
| How often do you visit hookah lounges?d | ||||||||||||
| At least Weekly | 14 | (2.2) | 11 | (1.9) | 3 | (4.7) | 3 | (1.6) | 8 | (2.1) | ||
| At least Monthly | 39 | (6.1) | 38 | (6.6) | 1 | (1.6) | 15 | (7.9) | 23 | (6.0) | ||
| Occasionally | 398 | (62.6) | 372 | (65.0) | 30 | (46.9) | 125 | (66.1) | 247 | (64.5) | ||
| Not at all | 185 | (29.1) | 151 | (26.4) | 34 | (53.1) | <.001 | 46 | (24.3) | 105 | (27.4) | .744 |
| On a typical hookah lounge visit, how long do you stay in a hookah lounge? (Minutes) | ||||||||||||
| <60 | 16 | (4.5) | 16 | (4.7) | 0 | (0.0) | 4 | (3.8) | 12 | (5.1) | ||
| 60 | 91 | (25.6) | 87 | (25.4) | 4 | (30.8) | 28 | (26.4) | 59 | (25.0) | ||
| 90 | 56 | (15.8) | 56 | (16.4) | 0 | (0.0) | 24 | (22.6) | 32 | (13.6) | ||
| 120 | 131 | (36.9) | 124 | (36.3) | 7 | (53.8) | 38 | (35.8) | 86 | (36.4) | ||
| >120 | 61 | (17.2) | 59 | (17.3) | 2 | (15.4) | .413 | 12 | (11.3) | 47 | (19.9) | .128 |
| Mean (SD)e | 105.2 | (42.5) | 105.1 | (42.7) | 108.5 | (37.8) | 98.9 | (34.7) | 107.8 | (45.7) | .047 | |
| Median (Min-Max)f | 120 | (15-240) | 120 | (15-240) | 120 | (60-180) | .777 | 90 | (30-180) | 120 | (15-240) | |
| Which days of the week do you usually visit a hookah lounge? (Select all that apply) | ||||||||||||
| Mondays-Thursdays (Yes) | 64 | (9.5) | 62 | (9.2) | 2 | (0.3) | .046 | 19 | (3.2) | 43 | (7.4) | .663 |
| Fridays (Yes) | 285 | (42.3) | 274 | (42.2) | 11 | (1.6) | <.001 | 99 | (16.7) | 175 | (29.7) | .146 |
| Saturdays (Yes) | 279 | (41.5) | 269 | (41.4) | 10 | (1.5) | <.001 | 94 | (15.9) | 175 | (29.7) | .385 |
| Sundays (Yes) | 45 | (6.7) | 45 | (6.9) | 0 | (0.0) | .018 | 18 | (3.0) | 27 | (4.6) | .307 |
| Which hookah lounge do you usually visit? | ||||||||||||
| Near my university | 213 | (50.5) | 202 | (51.0) | 11 | (42.3) | 74 | (57.8) | 128 | (47.8) | ||
| Not near my university | 129 | (30.6) | 118 | (29.8) | 11 | (42.3) | 38 | (29.7) | 80 | (29.9) | ||
| Both equally | 80 | (19.0) | 76 | (19.2) | 4 | (15.4) | .406 | 16 | (12.5) | 60 | (22.4) | .047 |
| How far do you live from the nearest hookah lounge?g | ||||||||||||
| < 5 miles | 455 | (58.0) | 365 | (59.6) | 90 | (52.0) | 145 | (66.2) | 220 | (56.0) | ||
| 5 - 10 miles | 232 | (29.6) | 177 | (28.9) | 55 | (31.8) | 51 | (23.3) | 126 | (32.1) | ||
| > 10 miles | 98 | (12.5) | 70 | (11.4) | 28 | (16.2) | .125 | 23 | (10.5) | 47 | (12.0) | .039 |
| How far your university is to the nearest hookah lounge? | ||||||||||||
| < 5 miles | 617 | (80.7) | 485 | (81.4) | 132 | (78.1) | 179 | (82.5) | 306 | (80.7) | ||
| 5 - 10 miles | 119 | (15.6) | 92 | (15.4) | 27 | (16.0) | 31 | (14.3) | 61 | (16.1) | ||
| > 10 miles | 29 | (3.8) | 19 | (3.2) | 10 | (5.9) | .248 | 7 | (3.2) | 12 | (3.2) | .841 |
| Would you support opening more hookah lounges in San Diego? | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 205 | (35.0) | 202 | (50.8) | 4 | (1.6) | 75 | (52.1) | 127 | (50.0) | ||
| No | 380 | (65.0) | 196 | (49.2) | 184 | (98.4) | <.001 | 69 | (47.9) | 127 | (50.0) | .690 |
| If Yes, Specify reasons:h | ||||||||||||
| Why not? | 35 | (29.4) | 35 | (30.4) | 0 | (0.0) | 15 | (33.3) | 20 | (26.6) | ||
| Fun/Social | 35 | (29.4) | 35 | (30.4) | 0 | (0.0) | 9 | (20.0) | 26 | (37.1) | ||
| Freedom | 26 | (21.8) | 22 | (19.1) | 4 | (100) | 8 | (17.8) | 14 | (20.0) | ||
| More variety | 23 | (19.3) | 23 | (20.0) | 0 | (0.0) | .002 | 13 | (28.9) | 10 | (14.3) | .120 |
| If No, Specify reasons:h | ||||||||||||
| Don't need anymore | 69 | (25.5) | 49 | (33.8) | 20 | (15.9) | 10 | (21.3) | 39 | (39.8) | ||
| Don't care | 66 | (24.4) | 43 | (29.7) | 23 | (18.3) | 15 | (31.9) | 28 | (28.6) | ||
| Don't like hookah | 69 | (25.5) | 30 | (20.7) | 39 | (31.0) | 16 | (34.0) | 14 | (14.3) | ||
| Unhealthy/gross | 46 | (17.0) | 17 | (11.7) | 29 | (23.0) | 5 | (10.6) | 12 | (12.2) | ||
| Promotes underage smoking | 21 | (7.7) | 6 | (4.1) | 15 | (11.9) | <.001 | 1 | (2.1) | 5 | (5.1) | .039 |
| How would you feel if hookah lounges were to shut down? | ||||||||||||
| Don't care | 288 | (51.9) | 188 | (49.2) | 100 | (57.8) | 64 | (48.1) | 124 | (49.8) | ||
| Happy/fine | 95 | (17.1) | 34 | (8.9) | 61 | (35.3) | 11 | (8.3) | 23 | (9.2) | ||
| Sad/disappointed | 66 | (11.9) | 64 | (16.8) | 2 | (1.2) | 23 | (17.3) | 41 | (16.5) | ||
| Angry/upset | 55 | (9.9) | 53 | (13.9) | 2 | (1.2) | 19 | (14.3) | 34 | (13.7) | ||
| Unfair/unnecessary | 51 | (9.2) | 43 | (11.3) | 8 | (4.6) | <.001 | 16 | (12.0) | 27 | (10.8) | .989 |
| Would you support anti-hookah tobacco advertisements? | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 289 | (46.7) | 139 | (32.3) | 150 | (79.4) | 40 | (24.5) | 99 | (37.1) | ||
| No | 330 | (53.3) | 291 | (67.7) | 39 | (20.6) | <.001 | 123 | (75.5) | 168 | (62.9) | .007 |
| Would you support laws prohibiting smoking hookahs in public places such as parks and restaurants? | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 399 | (55.2) | 197 | (39.7) | 202 | (89.0) | 58 | (32.2) | 139 | (44.0) | ||
| No | 324 | (44.8) | 299 | (60.3) | 25 | (11.0) | <.001 | 122 | (67.8) | 177 | (56.0) | .010 |
| If you are around friends who smoke hookah, are you concerned they will expect you to smoke? | ||||||||||||
| Very/Somewhat concerned | 189 | (19.7) | 102 | (14.9) | 87 | (31.6) | 44 | (18.9) | 58 | (12.9) | ||
| Not at all concerned | 770 | (80.3) | 582 | (85.1) | 188 | (68.4) | <.001 | 189 | (81.1) | 393 | (87.1) | .036 |
| How bothered do you feel when someone smokes hookah around you? | ||||||||||||
| Very/Somewhat bothered | 301 | (32.3) | 122 | (17.8) | 179 | (71.9) | 38 | (15.9) | 84 | (18.9) | ||
| Not at all bothered | 632 | (67.7) | 562 | (82.2) | 70 | (28.1) | <.001 | 201 | (84.1) | 361 | (81.1) | .332 |
Note.
a
p - value from Pearson's chi-square test or t-test, as appropriate, for significance at p < .05. Statistically significant p values are bolded.
b
A hookah lounge was explained to participants to include other names such as hookah cafés and hookah bars.
c
Media included the following responses: university newspaper, coupon booklet, internet, movies.
d
At least Weekly: at least once each week but less than daily, At least Monthly: at least once a month but less than weekly, and Occasionally: at least once a year but less than monthly.
e
SD = Standard Deviation.
f
Min-Max = Minimum - Maximum.
g
Respondents were instructed to answer this question based on their permanent home address.
h
An open-ended question.
Some cells with expected count of less than 5 violated the assumptions of the chi-square test.
Due to missing values, some variables do not total the ever hookah users sample N = 970.