. 2015 Oct 6;12:34. doi: 10.1186/s12986-015-0028-z

Table 1.

Metabolic characteristics of the five groups at the end of the study

Parameter	NC AL	NC CR	HF AL	HF → NC	HF → NC CR
Body weight (BW, g)	26.35 ± 0.38	21.12 ± 0.33 ^*	41.23 ± 1.16 ^*	30.49 ± 0.70 ^,*	26.83 ± 0.67 ^**
Abdominal circumference (cm)	7.4 ± 0.2	6.6 ± 0.1 ^*	9.0 ± 0.2 ^*	7.6 ± 0.1 ^**	6.9 ± 0.1 ^,*
Lee index	323.18 ± 2.89	313.09 ± 3.67 ^*	332.83 ± 2.43 ^*	321.82 ± 2.75 ^**	320.38 ± 3.00 ^**
Epididymal fat weight (%BW)	1.41 ± 0.11	0.20 ± 0.06 ^*	4.94 ± 0.19 ^*	2.37 ± 0.25 ^,*	1.26 ± 0.32 ^**
Liver weight (mg)	1115.0 ± 20.0	828.0 ± 47.3 ^*	1263.1 ± 74.1 ^*	1052.2 ± 45.4 ^**	882.0 ± 35.2 ^,*
Pancreas weight (mg)	184.0 ± 20.0	186.3 ± 9.7	295.0 ± 14.9 ^*	211.1 ± 13.8 ^**	194.4 ± 11.1 ^**
Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L)	4.9 ± 1.2	3.6 ± 1.8	7.9 ± 2.2 ^*	5.8 ± 0.7 ^**	5.7 ± 1.5 ^**
Fasting plasma insulin (ng/mL)	0.18 ± 0.05	0.13 ± 0.08	0.74 ± 0.14 ^*	0.29 ± 0.07 ^,*	0.20 ± 0.07 ^**
AUC_glc0–120 (mmol/L × min)	880.1 ± 119.4	423.6 ± 109.1 ^*	1768.3 ± 166.8 ^*	1077.2 ± 136.5 ^**	569.9 ± 100.0 ^**
AUC_ins0–120 (ng/mL × min)	22.66 ± 1.92	18.96 ± 4.22	34.86 ± 2.34 ^*	25.74 ± 3.86 ^**	24.54 ± 2.70 ^**
Insulinogenic index	0.56 ± 0.07	0.96 ± 0.21	0.32 ± 0.22	0.59 ± 0.09	0.93 ± 0.22 ^**
HOMA-IR	0.87 ± 0.12	0.58 ± 0.17	5.97 ± 1.00 ^*	1.54 ± 0.11 ^**	1.17 ± 0.25 ^**
Plasma triglycerides (mg/dl)	30.28 ± 2.16	19.63 ± 2.40 ^*	43.86 ± 3.88 ^*	38.13 ± 2.97 ^*	16.47 ± 1.19 ^,*
Plasma total cholesterol (mg/dl)	70.60 ± 3.59	58.97 ± 3.85	152.17 ± 6.65 ^*	83.72 ± 4.60 ^,*	65.34 ± 3.30 ^**
Plasma NEFA (mmol/L)	0.79 ± 0.06	0.63 ± 0.05	1.30 ± 0.06 ^*	1.03 ± 0.10 ^,*	0.67 ± 0.06 ^**
Plasma adiponectin (μg/ml)	18.94 ± 1.18	18.71 ± 3.17	11.82 ± 1.64 ^*	12.80 ± 1.85 ^*	17.71 ± 1.49 ^**

Data are presented as mean ± SE, n = 8 ~ 16. * indicates P < 0.05 versus NC AL group; ** indicates P < 0.05 versus HF AL group

Abbreviations: NC normal chow, HF high-fat diet, AL ad libitum, CR calorie restriction, NEFA non-esterified fatty acid