Fig. 4.

. γ-PGA induces cytokine production in mice infected with influenza virus. C57BL/6 mice (n = 5) were infected with PR8 and CA04 influenza viruses at 1 LD₅₀ per mouse. After 24 h, mice were intranasally administrated with 100 μg of γ-PGA and 5 μg of CpG-ODN administrated prior to virus infection for 24 h. Two days later, mice sacrificed and lung tissue homogenized. Cytokine production in lung homogenates of (a) PR8 and (b) CA04 virus infected mice was analyzed: TNF-α, RANTES, IFN-β and IL-12 by ELISA. Data are representative of two independent experiments. † indicates p < 0.01 compared to the virus infection group; * p < 0.05 relative to the virus infection group