Table 2.
Chemokine and cytokine concentrations in individual samples studied
| Sample ID | Patient gender | Day post onset | Disease outcome | IL-8/ CXCL8 pg/ml | IL-1βpg/ml | IL-6 pg/ml | IL-10 pg/ml | TNF pg/ml | IL-12p70 pg/ml | CCL5/ RANTES pg/ml | CXCL9/ MIG pg/ml | CCL2/ MCP-1 pg/ml | CXCL10/ IP-10 pg/ml | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SPU100/10 | M | 8 | Fatal | 735.5 | 18.3 | 6526.7 | 592.4 | 18.3 | 13.2 | 317.9 | 21788.6 | 49430.5 | 25448.3 | Hemorrhagic |
| SPU105/10 | M | 10 | Fatal | 1486.7 | 5.4 | 379.0 | 96.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 665.1 | 31437.1 | 33042.3 | 23176.3 | Hemorrhagic |
| SPU59/10 | M | 0 | Fatal | 10046.3 | 22.0 | 8956.6 | 161.0 | 7.5 | 0.0 | 368.6 | 19185.9 | 13389.9 | 27393.0 | Hemorrhagic |
| SPU97/10 | M | 7 | Fatal | 15565.7 | 12.2 | 54005.5 | 915.6 | 2.3 | 0.0 | 486.9 | 1027.3 | 11008.3 | 18799.8 | Hemorrhagic |
| SPU86/10 | M | 5 | Fatal | 321.8 | 2.8 | 321.2 | 380.8 | 6.1 | 0.0 | 6249.8 | 7535.9 | 6135.8 | 24694.0 | No hemorrhagic syndrome |
| SPU126/10 | F | 3 | Fatal | 1312.9 | 10.1 | 1371.7 | 67.9 | 9.7 | 0.0 | 610.4 | 2612.9 | 1176.5 | 28142.4 | Sindbis IgM positive |
| SPU162/10 | F | 2 | Fatal | 585.2 | 7.0 | 949.5 | 83.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 285.0 | 4225.8 | 758.7 | 28142.4 | Hemorrhagic |
| SPU115/10 | M | 0 | Fatal | 658.7 | 5.9 | 476.7 | 1180.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1325.0 | 8430.9 | 1311.4 | 28335.1 | |
| SPU68/10 | M | 5 | Fatal | 193.3 | 5.6 | 44.0 | 16.2 | 34.8 | 0.0 | 114.1 | 1696.1 | 529.3 | 25276.2 | Hemorrhagic |
| SA1372/10 | M | 3 | Fatal | 1298.1 | 5.2 | 300.9 | 138.4 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 324.7 | 8670.0 | 700.1 | 12711.7 | Hemorrhagic, Sindbis IgM positive |
| SA1151/10 | M | 8 | Fatal | 3320.7 | 27.7 | 4873.1 | 60.6 | 2.6 | 5.7 | 506.2 | 34137.3 | 15978.6 | 21704.5 | Hemorrhagic |
| SA1457/10 | M | 6 | Fatal | 385.3 | 0.0 | 454.6 | 110.8 | 0.0 | 6.2 | 2320.6 | 2790.1 | 561.5 | 3829.0 | Hemorrhagic; Encephalitis; HIV status unknown |
| SA979/10 | F | 7 | Fatal | 1524.6 | 7.3 | 783.2 | 5.4 | 0.0 | 2.2 | 457.5 | 2910.1 | 747.6 | 766.1 | Normal liver enzymes; Hemorrhagic; Sindbis IgM positive |
| SA1598/10 | F | 8 | Fatal | 782.4 | 4.6 | 152.7 | 6.5 | 0.0 | 6.2 | 6043.0 | 916.4 | 172.1 | 323.9 | HIV+; encephalitis only; Normal liver enzymes; No hemorrhagic syndrome |
| SA744/10 | M | 2 | Fatal | 433.0 | 0.0 | 160.3 | 28.7 | 2.2 | 5.0 | 367.9 | 4522.6 | 1430.6 | 20833.0 | Hemorrhagic; Sindbis IgM positive |
| SA868/10 | M | 1 | Fatal | 543.0 | 0.0 | 29.0 | 133.7 | 0.0 | 6.4 | 7131.7 | 1429.9 | 511.8 | 21451.2 | |
| SA486/10 | M | 3 | Fatal | 13809.7 | 21.1 | 14055.9 | 126.0 | 2.4 | 7.4 | 1013.1 | 56734.4 | 22156.8 | 19544.4 | |
| SA1325/10 | M | 8 | Fatal | 6503.5 | 6.8 | 940.1 | 173.2 | 2.7 | 6.0 | 4679.1 | 28687.8 | 27127.3 | 20772.2 | |
| SA1448/10 | F | 5 | Fatal | 261.8 | 0.0 | 39.7 | 12.0 | 0.0 | 5.1 | 15101.6 | 392.6 | 93.6 | 132.2 | Sindbis IgM positive |
| MEDIAN RESULTS IN FATAL CASES | 782.4* | 5.9 | 476.7 | 110.8*,** | 2.3 | 5.0 | 610.4***,**** | 4522.6*,** | 1311.4* | 21451.2*,** | ||||
| SA342/11 | M | 0 | Survivor | 303.7 | 2.6 | 18.4 | 0.0 | 2.3 | 0.0 | 24828.0 | 105.6 | 1564.9 | 2754.1 | Hospitalized |
| SA257/10 | M | 2 | Survivor | 73.6 | 0.0 | 11.9 | 5.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 16970.3 | 256.3 | 788.9 | 5744.4 | Hospitalized; Sindbis IgM positive |
| SA591/10 | M | 0 | Survivor | 69.3 | 2.7 | 25.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4397.4 | 110.7 | 4934.3 | 2100.1 | Hospitalized |
| SA921/10 | M | 1 | Survivor | 34.0 | 8.1 | 27.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 13747.7 | 236.0 | 3330.9 | 17652.1 | Hospitalized |
| SA1601/10 | M | 7 | Survivor | 184.0 | 9.8 | 967.3 | 15.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4258.0 | 84.2 | 1136.9 | 668.8 | Hospitalized |
| SA1329/10 | M | 0 | Survivor | 150.2 | 2.8 | 47.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3686.7 | 300.1 | 13904.5 | 10918.3 | Hospitalized |
| SPU079/10 | M | 0 | Survivor | 295.7 | 0.0 | 32.2 | 0.0 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 6099.1 | 196.8 | 353.9 | 729.3 | Hospitalized; WNV and Sindbis IgM positive |
| SA287/10 | M | 1 | Survivor | 3764.8 | 102.7 | 3403.8 | 10.8 | 171.8 | 2.4 | 9180.2 | 486.3 | 11250.4 | 15232.2 | Hospitalized |
| SA226/10 | M | 2 | Survivor | 1844.0 | 19.4 | 864.8 | 0.0 | 58.4 | 2.7 | 6815.2 | 330.6 | 856.5 | 3805.3 | Hospitalized |
| SA276/10 | M | 1 | Survivor | 1341.5 | 8.1 | 370.1 | 6.7 | 5.0 | 0.0 | 4776.0 | 329.6 | 8724.8 | 7047.2 | Hospitalized |
| SA918/10 | M | 2 | Survivor | 4657.3 | 36.9 | 8.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 12142.9 | 203.1 | 1695.4 | 614.6 | Hospitalized |
| SA399/10 | M | 0 | Survivor | 265.7 | 0.0 | 51.4 | 32.5 | 0.0 | 2.8 | 7936.6 | 307.3 | 5832.6 | 17407.5 | Hospitalized |
| SPU062/10 | M | 3 | Survivor | 132.7 | 3.0 | 127.8 | 6.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 17843.0 | 247.2 | 3465.7 | 10816.4 | |
| SA165/10 | F | 3 | Survivor | 115.9 | 0.0 | 10.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 6680.6 | 104.0 | 325.9 | 2923.9 | Sindbis IgM positive |
| SA197/10 | M | 13 | Survivor | 296.0 | 7.6 | 309.8 | 70.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4570.4 | 7520.5 | 9217.3 | 17978.2 | |
| SA472/10 | M | 7 | Survivor | 499.6 | 9.4 | 314.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 8316.3 | 224.0 | 3069.1 | 5206.3 | SIndbis IgM positive |
| SA538/10 | M | 5 | Survivor | 54.2 | 4.9 | 79.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 10259.9 | 119.9 | 2392.9 | 3561.4 | |
| SA746/10 | M | 4 | Survivor | 10789.3 | 202.8 | 3228.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 16001.6 | 138.9 | 4062.4 | 1010.0 | |
| SA982/10 | F | 0 | Survivor | 469.1 | 14.9 | 179.8 | 13.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 16421.8 | 368.5 | 3479.0 | 8817.0 | |
| SA1098/10 | M | 1 | Survivor | 41.6 | 9.0 | 9.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 18602.3 | 158.4 | 238.0 | 3599.2 | |
| SA327/11 | F | 2 | Survivor | 1893.6 | 8.8 | 17.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 12504.9 | 254.7 | 729.4 | 2622.1 | |
| SA250/10 | M | 1 | Survivor | 77.4 | 0.0 | 25.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 6213.1 | 79.0 | 490.3 | 918.4 | |
| SA317/10 | M | 2 | Survivor | 148.8 | 5.8 | 48.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 5102.8 | 92.0 | 449.0 | 2365.6 | |
| SA093/10 | M | 2 | Survivor | 166.3 | 2.7 | 26.6 | 0.0 | 2.2 | 0.0 | 8480.4 | 372.3 | 2214.5 | 10447.3 | |
| SA128/10 | M | 1 | Survivor | 20.3 | 0.0 | 40.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 19184.5 | 226.6 | 2179.7 | 8363.5 | |
| SA296/10 | M | 0 | Survivor | 121.2 | 5.1 | 94.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 5.5 | 5810.2 | 216.9 | 1849.5 | 1286.1 | |
| SA325/10 | M | 2 | Survivor | 256.8 | 0.0 | 9.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.9 | 7534.2 | 135.3 | 772.8 | 2357.4 | |
| SA1402/10 | M | 0 | Survivor | 136.1 | 0.0 | 53.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.2 | 5295.1 | 289.9 | 4027.0 | 8440.0 | |
| SPU085/10 | M | 0 | Survivor | 175.5 | 0.0 | 26.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.7 | 8815.6 | 104.6 | 1520.0 | 2786.1 | |
| SPU129/10 | M | 3 | Survivor | 171.2 | 5.5 | 22.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 19191.9 | 461.4 | 626.6 | 4289.8 | |
| SA139/10 | M | 2 | Survivor | 97.9 | 0.0 | 17.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 5.3 | 14600.1 | 217.2 | 1064.3 | 4000.9 | WN and Sindbis IgM positive |
| SA494/11 | M | 3 | Survivor | 51.5 | 0.0 | 7.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.6 | 19758.2 | 85.0 | 553.5 | 832.6 | |
| SA523/11 | M | 5 | Survivor | 36647.8 | 921.1 | 3744.2 | 0.0 | 2.7 | 3.3 | 19391.7 | 101.1 | 539.4 | 900.0 | |
| MEDIAN RESULTS IN SURVIVORS | 171.2* | 4.9 | 40.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 8815.6 | 217.2 | 1695.4* | 3599.2* | ||||
| SPU332/10/28 | M | N/A | Control | 14.5 | 6.0 | 5.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4606.7 | 63.2 | 213.7 | 9.3 | |
| SPU332/10/9 | F | N/A | Control | 37.7 | 0.0 | 6.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 15593.2 | 638.6 | 219.3 | 135.2 | |
| SPU332/10/27 | M | N/A | Control | 46.8 | 6.2 | 13.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 17658.3 | 2179.3 | 501.1 | 368.2 | |
| SPU332/10/11 | F | N/A | Control | 218.1 | 8.9 | 5.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 15274.5 | 31.2 | 37.4 | 0.0 | |
| SPU332/10/2 | M | N/A | Control | 202.8 | 0.0 | 21.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.2 | 14419.2 | 843.8 | 601.2 | 196.2 | |
| SPU332/10/6 | M | N/A | Control | 28.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.2 | 24540.3 | 132.2 | 45.9 | 24.0 | |
| SPU332/10/8 | F | N/A | Control | 37.2 | 5.0 | 7.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.8 | 17996.2 | 227.5 | 20.5 | 19.3 | |
| SPU332/10/25 | M | N/A | Control | 9.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.4 | 54.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
| MEDIAN RESULTS IN CONTROLS | 37.5 | 2.5 | 6.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 15433.8 | 179.8 | 129.8 | 21.6 | ||||
* denotes statistical significant increase relative to results in controls (p < 0.01)
** denotes statistical significant increase relative to results in survivors (p < 0.01)
*** denotes statistical significant decrease relative to results in controls (p < 0.01)
**** denotes statistical significant decrease relative to results in survivors (p < 0.01)
Note: because of the 1:4 dilution of serum for the cytokine analysis, a “0 pg/ml” value represents a limit of detection rather than absolute absence of the detected protein