Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of the Study Subjects.

Characteristic	NGT	Prediabetes	Male		Female
			NGT	Prediabetes	NGT	Prediabetes
No. of subjects	100	120	33	55	67	65
Age, yr	67.13±1.69	67.20±1.81	67.09±1.82	67.38±1.94	67.15±1.64	67.05±1.69
BMI, kg/m2	23.92±3.25	24.30±3.14	24.14±2.37	23.90±3.41	23.82±3.62	24.64±2.88
WC, cm	80.77±8.14	82.42±8.54	82.21±6.94	80.87±8.48	80.05±8.62	83.72±8.43a
HC, cm	91.45±6.23	92.78±6.53	91.11±6.45	91.16±6.69	91.61±6.16	94.14±6.11a
Waist-to-hip ratio	0.88±0.07	0.88±0.05	0.90±0.10	0.88±0.05	0.87±0.05	0.88±0.05
Total body fat, kg	16.68±5.52	17.7±5.86	17.34±3.75	17.54±6.92	16.36±6.21	17.89±4.83
Visceral fat, kg	2.11±0.88	2.36±0.91a	2.14±0.61	2.27±0.97	2.09±0.99	2.44±0.86a
Total body fat ratio	27.59±6.31	28.53±6.99	29.31±5.10	28.71±7.82	26.74±6.70	28.38±6.27a
Visceral fat ratio	10.33±2.95	11.49±2.67b	10.54±2.64	11.50±2.91	10.23±3.10	11.48±2.48a
Total muscle, kg	39.42±6.98	39.90±7.03	37.33±6.21	37.95±5.91	40.45±7.15	41.58±7.52
Fasting glucose, mmol/L	4.91±6.35	5.38±0.55b	4.94±0.36	5.36±0.55b	4.90±0.35	5.39±0.55b
2-Hour glucose, mmol/L	6.13±1.06	8.10±1.74b	6.34±0.84	8.21±1.59b	6.03±1.15	8.01±1.86b
Fasting insulin, pmol/L	52.16±17.15	64.31±36.18b	53.48±11.95	65.84±40.98a	51.46±19.24	62.99±31.81a
2-Hour insulin, pmol/L	281.76±158.00	362.74±300.30b	274.05±132.02	358.29±207.79a	285.51±170.15	366.56±362.95
HbA1c, %	5.25±0.27	5.63±0.36b	5.29±0.19	5.66±0.31b	5.23±0.22	5.60±0.40b
HOMA-IR index	1.65±0.58	2.24±1.40b	1.69±0.42	2.29±1.57a	1.62±0.65	2.21±1.25b
QUICKI	0.35±0.02	0.34±0.02b	0.35±0.01	0.34±0.02b	0.36±0.02	0.34±0.02b
TC, mmol/L	5.30±0.96	5.72±1.00b	5.59±0.88	5.73±1.09	5.15±0.98	5.72±0.92b
TG, mmol/L	1.69±0.97	2.04±1.19a	1.77±0.88	2.14±1.22	1.66±1.02	1.96±1.17
HDL-C, mmol/L	1.18±0.27	1.18±0.30	1.17±0.28	1.20±0.33	1.19±0.26	1.18±0.23
LDL-C, mmol/L	3.14±0.83	3.41±0.83b	3.44±0.76	3.39±0.89	2.99±0.82	3.43±0.78b
Adiponectin, µg/mL	12.71±4.76	10.39±4.56b	14.07±4.68	10.72±4.74a	11.91±4.67	9.86±4.14a
PWV, m/s	15.30±2.70	16.13±3.40a	18.29±2.33	18.86±2.60	13.83±1.28	14.04±1.03
SBP, mm Hg	131.17±15.99	136.87±16.60b	139.58±15.25	145.76±16.43	127.03±14.77	129.34±12.67
DBP, mm Hg	82.66±9.51	85.78±10.14b	86.97±9.28	88.89±10.84	80.54±8.95	83.15±8.77
AST, U/L	27.04±7.82	29.30±10.32	26.51±6.62	30.85±11.56	27.29±8.38	27.98±13.47
ALT, U/L	22.29±12.07	26.49±12.28a	21.78±10.50	26.14±10.81	22.53±12.83	26.78±13.47
γ-GTP, U/L	24.54±23.29	34.21±42.06a	21.42±13.36	32.23±31.80a	26.07±26.83	35.89±49.29
hs-CRP, mg/dL	1.47±2.11	1.98±3.84	1.49±2.13	1.47±2.11	1.45±2.03	2.41±4.83a
Ferritin, µg/L	67.64±50.06	102.31±97.67b	68.87±43.86	102.06±93.80	67.03±53.15	102.53±101.56a

Values are expressed as mean±SD. Two-hour glucose and 2-hour insulin represent glucose and insulin levels at 120 minutes after a glucose challenge. NGT, normal glucose tolerance; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; HC, hip circumference; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; QUICKI, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; PWV, pulse-wave velocity; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; γ-GTP, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.

^aP<0.05 vs. NGT; ^bP<0.01 vs. NGT.