Table 1.
Demographic, clinical and cognitive characteristics
| Characteristics | T2DM Patients (n = 42) |
Control subjects (n = 42) |
P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 60.4 ± 7.0 | 58.2 ± 6.3 | 0.14 |
| Sex (male) | 23 (55) | 14 (33) | 0.08 |
| Education (years) | 9.6 ± 3.8 | 10.2 ± 2.3 | 0.35 |
| Disease duration (years) | 9.4 ± 4.7 | – | |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L)a | 7.8 ± 2.1 | 5.5 ± 0.4 | <0.01 |
| 2-h postprandial glucose (mmol/L)a | 15.5 ± 4.2 (n = 8) | 6.5 ± 1.7 | <0.01 |
| HbA1c (%)( mmol/mol)a | 7.9 ± 1.6 (62.7 ± 17.4) | 5.6 ± 0.3 (37.8 ± 3.6) | <0.01 |
| HOMA-IRa | 3.4 ± 2.0 | 2.5 ± 1.3 | 0.03 |
| Blood pressure | |||
| Systolic (mmHg) | 136.6 ± 14.7 | 132.7 ± 15.0 | 0.23 |
| Diastolic (mmHg) | 85.8 ± 11.3 | 86.8 ± 11.4 | 0.70 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.46 ± 0.80 | 1.41 ± 0.87 | 0.77 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.3 ± 1.1 | 5.2 ± 0.9 | 0.69 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.7 ± 2.9 | 24.0 ± 2.8 | 0.29 |
| White matter lesions | 1 (0–6) | 0 (0–7) | 0.28 |
| Lacunar infarcts | 9 (21) | 5 (12) | 0.38 |
| Cognitive performance | |||
| MMSE | 28.3 ± 1.1 | 28.7 ± 1.2 | 0.11 |
| Trail Making Test-A(s) | 67.8 ± 22.3 | 62.2 ± 15.1 | 0.16 |
| Trail Making Test-B(s)a | 178.1 ± 56.0 | 149.3 ± 51.7 | 0.01 |
| Auditory Verbal Memory Test | 5.9 ± 1.4 | 6.5 ± 2.0 | 0.08 |
| Auditory Verbal Memory Test-Delay Recall | 5.7 ± 2.5 | 6.3 ± 2.2 | 0.20 |
| Clock Drawing Test | 3.3 ± 0.6 | 3.5 ± 0.5 | 0.10 |
| Complex Figure Test-Immediate Recall | 34.3 ± 1.5 | 34.9 ± 1.4 | 0.07 |
| Complex Figure Test-Delayed Recalla | 13.3 ± 5.9 | 17.7 ± 6.0 | <0.01 |
| Verbal Fluency Test | 16.8 ± 3.8 | 17.5 ± 3.1 | 0.55 |
| Hamilton Depression Rating Scale | 1.7 ± 1.0 | 1.2 ± 0.8 | 0.20 |
Data are represented as mean ± SD, n (%) or median (range). T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus
a P value <0.05