Table 5.

Mortality rates of overall in-hospital patients.

Author	Country	Year(s)	Methods	Age of infants	Mortality outcome	Reasons for death
Simpson et al. (23)	Canada	1997, 2002, 2007	Data for 156 in-hospital deaths (53 in 1997, 50 in 2002, 53 in 2007) at a tertiary-level NICU	2007: GA of 23–27 (n = 104, 14.3%), 28–32 (n = 113, 15.5%), 33–35 (n = 102, 14.0%), ≥36 (n = 407, 55.9%) weeks Median age at death: 16 days (range: 1–180 days)	Average annual mortality rate between 1988 and 2007: 7.6%	2007: gastrointestinal (n = 15, 28.3%), neurologic (n = 14, 26.4%), cardiorespiratory disorders (n = 10, 18.9%), congenital abnormality (n = 8, 15.1%), infection (n = 4, 7.5%), extreme prematurity (n = 2, 3.8%)
Eventov-Friedman et al. (28)	Israel	2000–2009	Data for the in-hospital deaths at two tertiary-level NICUs	Age at death: 69 (29%) of the 239 infants died on the first day of life, 31 (13%) dying at up to 48 h of life, 55 (23%) died between days 3 and 7, 53 (22%) died between days 8 and 30, 33 (14%) died after 30 days of life	0.2% (239/96 643)	Overall leading cause of death: prematurity and its complications (n = 182, 76%) For infants born at ≤26 weeks: respiratory system failure (due to RDS, air leaks, pulmonary hemorrhage, pulmonary hypertension, BPD) and cardiovascular collapse (57%), ICH (45%), sepsis (18%), NEC (7%) For infants born at ≥37 weeks: congenital anomalies (48%), including cardiac (23%), chromosomal (23%), central nervous system (19%), renal (14%), and lung (9%) anomalies, asphyxia (19%), sepsis (7%) For early deaths (<3 days): severe lung disease in preterm infants (n = 60, 60%) For later deaths: sepsis, multiorgan failure For deaths at >30 days of life: chronic lung disease (n = 19, 57%), complications of NEC (n = 3, 9%)

BPD, bronchopulmonary dysplasia; GA, gestational age; ICH, intracranial hemorrhage; n, number; NEC, necrotizing enterocolitis; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit; RDS, respiratory distress syndrome.