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. 2015 May 20;2:15020. doi: 10.1038/hortres.2015.20

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Copyright © 2015 Nanjing Agricultural University

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/

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Mechanisms of grapevine defense against the biotrophic fungal pathogen powdery mildew (E. necator). Grapevine powdery mildew spores were inoculated onto detached leaves of M. rotundifolia (A & B), V. vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon (C) and a V. vinifera backcross progeny plant containing the powdery mildew resistance gene MrRUN1 (D). Leaf samples were collected after 2 days and fixed and stained with Coomassie brilliant blue to visualize fungal structures. Panels A and B represent the same field of view but are focused at different levels to show the germinated conidium (c) and appressoria (ap) on the surface of the leaf (panel A) and the globular papillae (arrows) beneath the appressoria (panel B) which are blocking penetration and haustoria formation. Panel C shows normal growth of E. necator hyphae (hy) across the leaf surface of a susceptible grapevine cultivar. Panel D shows the induction of MrRUN1-mediated programmed cell death in penetrated epidermal cells (arrows) which effectively halts further growth of this biotrophic pathogen.