Table 3.
Adjusted OR (with 95% CI) for Type 2 Diabetes According to Antibiotic Exposure (Categorized in ATC Code Groups) Before Initiation of Type 2 Diabetes Treatment
| Group of Antibiotics | OR1 | OR2 |
|---|---|---|
| β-lactamase sensitive penicillins (J01CE) | 1.19 (1.18–1.21) | 1.51 (1.49–1.54) |
| β-lactamase-resistant penicillins (J01CF) | 1.35 (1.32–1.38) | 1.61 (1.52–1.70) |
| Trimethoprim and derivatives (J01EA) | 1.19 (1.13–1.25) | 1.26 (1.17–1.36) |
| Short-acting sulfonamides (J01EB) | 1.15 (1.13–1.17) | 1.16 (1.12–1.20) |
| Macrolides (J01FA) | 1.25 (1.23–1.27) | 1.49 (1.46–1.52) |
| Steroid antibacterials (fusidic acid) (J01XC) | 1.64 (1.36–1.98) | 1.62 (1.00–2.62) |
| Nitrofurantoin derivatives (J01XE) | 1.16 (1.11–1.21) | 1.30 (1.22–1.39) |
| Penicillins with extended spectrum (J01CA) | 1.19 (1.17–1.21) | 1.31 (1.28–1.34) |
| Tetracyclines (J01AA) | 1.17 (1.14–1.21) | 1.19 (1.13–1.25) |
| Combinations of penicillins including β-lactamase inhibitors (J01CR) | 1.22 (1.13–1.33) | 1.41 (1.19–1.67) |
| Fluoroquinolones (J01MA) | 1.16 (1.13–1.20) | 1.23 (1.15–1.32) |
| Metronidazole (J01XD01 & P01AB01) | 1.13 (1.09–1.16) | 1.12 (1.02–1.23) |
| Clindamycin (J01FF) | 1.18 (0.97–1.44) | 0.88 (0.45–1.72) |
| Cephalosporins (J01DB, J01DC, and J01DD) | 1.24 (1.01–1.53) | 1.28 (0.74–2.20) |
| Comb. of sulfonamides and trimethoprim (J01EE) | 1.18 (1.03–1.34) | 0.95 (0.74–1.22) |
| Linezolid (J01XX) | 1.29 (1.06–1.57) | 1.46 (1.24–1.72) |
Abbreviations: ATC, Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical; OR1, the OR for type 2 diabetes with redemption of 2–4 compared with 0–1 prescriptions of the specific antibiotic group; OR2, the odds for type 2 diabetes with redemption of ≥5 compared with 0–1 prescriptions of the specific antibiotic group.