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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jul 6.
Published in final edited form as: Dev Cell. 2015 Jun 25;34(1):45–57. doi: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.05.011

Figure 1. Induction of stromules during viral effector activated HR-PCD.

Figure 1

A. Transient expression of p50 fused to a tandem affinity purification tag (TAP) for approximately 46 h in N-containing NRIP1-Cerulean (blue) N. benthamiana plants induces stromules (arrows) in epidermal chloroplasts (red autofluorescence). Scale bar equals 10 μm.

B. Expression of p50-Citrine in N plants resulted in strong increase in stromules per chloroplast compared to Citrine alone in N plants and p50-Citrine or Citrine in plants without N. Data represented as the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM), ***P<0.005 (Student’s t-test).

C. Transient expression of p50-TAP (left panel) for approximately 46 h in N-containing NRIP1-Cerulean (blue) N. benthamiana plants induces stromules (arrows) in mesophyll chloroplasts (red autofluorescence) compared to TAP alone control (right panel). Stromules originating from epidermal chloroplasts have a higher level of NRIP1-Cerulean fluorescence (arrowheads) and are smaller than mesophyll chloroplasts. Scale bar equals 10 μm.

D. Quantification of stromules from experiments described in C shows increased stromules in p50-TAP expressing plants compared to the TAP alone control. Data represented as the mean ± SEM, ****P<0.001 (Student’s t-test).