Fig. 2.

Population genetic association and analysis of haplotype locus. A Genetic markers in the para gene region of chromosome 2L clearly genotype haplotype alleles but do not distinguish between different population subgroups. Strong ancestral sharing of IBD genetic haplotypes across population subgroups indicates a shared common origin of the haplotype. An. coluzzii and An. gambiae (yellow circles), and Goundry form (blue squares), are shown on the PCA plot generated using the extended set of 26 haplotype-tagging SNPs (purple SNP track in Fig. 1). B Wild-collected individuals of the Goundry sub-group homozygous for HapA (n = 84) were significantly more susceptible to infection with natural P. falciparum than mosquitoes with any other haplotype (n = 180). Pie chart indicates mosquitoes infected with P. falciparum (black), and the uninfected mosquitoes (grey) after feeding together on blood from naturally infected donors. Unfed mosquitoes were removed from the experiment, thus all analysed mosquitoes ingested infectious parasites. C Pfin6 candidate genes indicated by Vectorbase AGAP gene ID, with positions of the functionally-tested genes ClipC9 and para/VSC shown