Table 2. Chemopreventive effect of dietary glucosinolate derivatives in rodents in vivo models.
| Compound | Animal model | Experimental protocol | Effect | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulforaphane | DMBA/TPA - CD-1 mice | Topical application of 1, 5 or 10 μmol/mouse in anti-promotion protocol (SFN from 1 week after carcinogen until the end of the study) or a combined anti-initiation, anti-promotion protocol (SFN 7 days prior to carcinogen until the end of the study) | Inhibition of skin tumorigenesis | [105] | |
| DMBA/TPA-induced skin tumorigenesis in C57BL/6 mice | Topical application of 100 nmol of sulforaphane once a day for 14 days prior to DMBA/TPA applications | Decreasing the incidence of skin tumor | [44] | ||
| C57BL/6J wild type and C57BL/6J/Nrf2(-/-) knock-out mice | Topical application of 100 nmol of SFN in 100 μL acetone for 4 and 5 d and irradiated with a single dose of UVB (300 mJ/cm2) during 10 min | Decreasing of inflammation and restored sunburn | [73] | ||
| Apcmin/+ mouse model of gastrointestinal cancer | Dietary feeding of 600 ppm SFN/day during 1 to 5 days | Regulation of different set of genes involving apoptosis, cell growth/maintenance and inflammation in the small intestinal polyps | [106] | ||
| Apcmin/+ mouse model of gastrointestinal cancer | Dietary feeding of 300 and 600 ppm of SFN for 3 weeks | Suppression of polyps in the small intestine with higher apoptotic and lower proliferative indices | [108] | ||
| Apcmin/+ mouse model of gastrointestinal cancer | Dietary feeding of 300 ppm SFN during 10 weeks | Reduction of colon tumor numbers, decreasing levels of prostaglandin E2 or leukotriene B4 in intestinal polyps and inhibition of cell survival and growth-related signaling pathways | [107] | ||
| Apcmin/+ mouse model of gastrointestinal cancer | Dietary feeding of ∼6 μmol SFN/day for 10 weeks | Suppression of polyps formation | [87] | ||
| Apcmin/+ mouse model of gastrointestinal cancer | Dietary feeding of 300 or 600 ppm of SFN for 3 weeks | Suppression of polyps in the small intestine | [108] | ||
| Transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) model of prostate cancer | Oral gavage of 6 μmol SFN thrice a week for 17 to 19 weeks | Inhibition of prostate intraepithelial neoplasia and pulmonary metastasis | [109] | ||
| Transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) model of prostate cancer | Feeding with 240 mg broccoli sprouts/mouse/day for 16 weeks | Inhibition of prostate tumor growth | [110] | ||
| C57BL/6J and C57BL/6J/Nrf2(-/-) knock-out mice | Oral gavage of 90 mg/kg SFN (0.2 ml) for 3 and 12 hours | Increasing the expression of Nrf2-dependent detoxification phase I, II drug metabolizing enzymes and phase III transporters genes | [111] | ||
| Phenethyl isothiocyanate | AOM/DSS - C57BL/6 mice colon cancer model | Dietary feeding of 0.05% PEITC and 1% DBM during 20 weeks | Inhibition of colon tumor multiplicity | [112] | |
| Apcmin/+ mouse model of gastrointestinal cancer | Dietary administration of 0.05% PEITC for 3 weeks | Inhibition of intestinal polyp development and reduced intestinal tumor size | [125] | ||
| Polyoma middle-T antigen (PyMT) transgenic mouse model of breast cancer | Dietary feeding of 8 mmol PEITC/kg for 4 to 16 weeks | Reducing size of mammary cancer lesions | [126] | ||
| Transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) model of prostate cancer | Dietary feeding of 0.05% PEITC for 10 and 16 weeks | Inhibition of prostate tumor incidence | [113] | ||
| Transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) model of prostate cancer | Dietary administration of 3 mmol PEITC/kg for 19 weeks | Inhibition of incidence and burden of poorly-differentiated prostate tumor | [114] | ||
| Indole-3-carbinol | Transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) model of prostate cancer | Dietary administration of 1% I3C for 8 and 12 weeks | Inhibition of incidence of palpable tumor and increased expression of Nrf2, NQO-1, as well as cell cycle and apoptosis related biomarkers | [115] | |
| 3.3′-diindolylmethane | Transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) model of prostate cancer | Dietary administration of 1% I3C for 12 and 16 weeks | Decreasing of incidence of tumorigenesis and metastasis; increasing of apoptosis, decreasing of cell proliferation and enhanced Nrf2 and Nrf2-target gene NQO1 expression in prostate tissues | [83] | |
Abbreviations: SFN, sulforaphane; PEITC, phenethyl isothiocyanate; I3C, indole-3-carbinol; DIM, 3.3′-diindolylmethane; DMBA, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene; AOM, azoxymethane; DSS, dextran sodium sulfate; TPA, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate.