Table 1.
Weighted Characteristics of Participants Completing the Coping Strategies Module in the 2008 HRS, and Bivariate Associations with Substance Used to Cope with Stress
| Characteristics | Total N=1351a % (SE) |
Frequent Substance-use coping, weighted %b n=194 (17.41%) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alcohol % (SE) |
Cigarette % (SE) |
Prescription/other drug % (SE) |
||
| Total n (weighted %) | 1351 (100.00%) | 48 (5.13%) | 66 (6.31%) | 98 (7.49%) |
| Age – years | ||||
| 54–59 | 27.19 (1.65) | 6.57 (2.02)* | 8.55 (2.29) | 8.43 (2.03) |
| 60–69 | 34.96 (1.61) | 6.83 (1.50) | 7.23 (1.63) | 7.19 (1.67) |
| 70–99 | 37.85 (1.46) | 2.53 (0.81) | 3.85 (0.80) | 7.09 (1.02) |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 45.53 (1.65) | 6.10 (1.32) | 6.61 (1.17) | 4.73 (1.06)** |
| Female | 54.47 (1.65) | 4.32 (1.03) | 5.95 (1.39) | 9.80 (1.36) |
| Race | ||||
| White/Caucasian | 87.86 (0.95) | 5.32 (0.90) | 6.43 (0.99) | 7.18 (0.96) |
| Black/African American | 9.32 (0.82) | 2.72 (1.84) | 6.23 (2.18) | 11.06 (2.98) |
| Other | 2.82 (0.50) | 7.30 (5.14) | 2.76 (2.73) | 5.39 (3.30) |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic/Latino | 92.08 (0.91) | 5.27 (0.87) | 6.70 (0.97)* | 7.33 (0.92) |
| Hispanic/Latino | 7.92 (0.91) | 3.50 (2.19) | 1.82 (1.16) | 9.31 (3.56) |
| Marital Status | ||||
| Married | 60.30 (1.63) | 5.94 (1.11) | 4.61 (0.94)* | 6.09 (1.01) |
| Other | 39.70 (1.63) | 3.90 (1.21) | 8.90 (1.75) | 9.61 (1.62) |
| Education | ||||
| Less than HS | 16.38 (1.12) | 2.29 (1.00) | 7.37 (2.16) | 8.13 (2.04) ** |
| High School/GED | 53.91 (1.64) | 4.94 (1.16) | 7.28 (1.36) | 9.60 (1.39) |
| More than HS | 29.71 (1.54) | 7.05 (1.69) | 3.97 (1.26) | 3.30 (1.13) |
| Employment Status | ||||
| Working | 37.29 (1.67) | 7.16 (1.63) | 7.34 (1.69) * | 4.42 (1.21) *** |
| Retired | 44.10 (1.59) | 3.40 (0.91) | 4.02 (0.81) | 6.26 (1.03) |
| Other | 18.61 (1.34) | 5.18 (2.02) | 9.69 (2.81) | 16.54 (3.18) |
| Elevated Depressive Symptoms | ||||
| 0–3 | 86.95 (1.12) | 4.73 (0.83) | 5.36 (0.89) ** | 4.75 (0.77) *** |
| 4–8 | 13.05 (1.12) | 7.82 (2.95) | 12.67 (3.48) | 25.72 (4.10) |
a
Frequent indicates “very often” or “fairly often” substance-use coping; sample (n) is not weighted;
b
Percentages and standard errors (SE) are weighted and were obtained using the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) survey weights to account for the HRS complex sampling design;
c
p-values were based on tests for binary and categorical variables.
*
p<0.05;
**
p≤0.01;
***
p≤0.001