Table 1.
Variable* | No. (%) of children† (N = 2,667) | No. (%) children with P. falciparum (N = 1,601) | Univariable analysis | Multivariable analysis | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | P value‡ | Adjusted OR (95% CI) (N = 2,364) | P value‡ | |||
Sex | ||||||
Male | 1,271 (47.7) | 780 (61.4) | Reference | |||
Female | 1,396 (52.3) | 821 (58.8) | 0.90 (0.76, 1.05) | 0.179 | ||
Age (per additional year) | 11.81 (3.15) | − | 0.93 (0.91, 0.96) | < 0.001 | ||
Age (years) | ||||||
5–9 | 660 (24.7) | 420 (63.6) | Reference | Reference | ||
10–12 | 1,125 (42.2) | 724 (64.4) | 1.02 (0.83, 1.26) | 0.98 (0.79, 1.23) | ||
13–18 | 882 (33.1) | 457 (51.8) | 0.60 (0.48, 0.74) | < 0.001 | 0.55 (0.43, 0.69) | < 0.001 |
WAZ§∥ | ||||||
Not underweight | 681 (82.4) | 436 (64.0) | Reference | |||
Underweight | 146 (17.6) | 96 (65.8) | 1.09 (0.73, 1.63) | 0.661 | ||
HAZ§ | ||||||
Not stunted | 1,881 (71.0) | 1,093 (58.1) | Reference | Reference | ||
Stunted | 768 (29.0) | 449 (65.0) | 1.33 (1.11, 1.60) | 0.002 | 1.33 (1.09, 1.62) | 0.004 |
BMIZ§ | ||||||
Not thin | 2,480 (93.6) | 1,488 (60.0) | Reference | |||
Thin | 169 (6.4) | 104 (61.5) | 1.08 (0.78, 1.51) | 0.633 | ||
De-wormed | ||||||
No | 526 (21.2) | 310 (58.9) | Reference | |||
Yes | 1,958 (78.8) | 1,187(60.6) | 1.09 (0.89, 1.34) | 0.420 | ||
Net use last night (child reported) | ||||||
No | 1,798 (67.6) | 1,107 (61.6) | Reference | Reference | ||
Yes | 860 (32.4) | 487 (56.6) | 0.83 (0.70, 0.99) | 0.034 | 0.79 (0.66, 0.96) | 0.017 |
Reported fever in last 2 weeks | ||||||
No | 1,678 (63.4) | 1,046 (62.3) | Reference | Reference | ||
Yes | 967 (36.6) | 541 (56.0) | 0.81 (0.68, 0.96) | 0.016 | 0.79 (0.66, 0.95) | 0.011 |
Reported fever now | ||||||
No | 1,905 (72.1) | 1,134 (59.5) | Reference | |||
Yes | 736 (27.9) | 449 (61.0) | 1.08 (0.90, 1.30) | 0.390 | ||
Household level | ||||||
Education of household head | ||||||
No education | 440 (17.5) | 273 (62.1) | Reference | Reference | ||
Some/completed primary | 1,755 (69.6) | 1,064 (60.6) | 0.91 (0.73, 1.13) | 0.89 (0.70, 1.14) | ||
Some/completed secondary | 326 (12.9) | 173 (53.1) | 0.63 (0.47, 0.86) | 0.007 | 0.65 (0.46, 0.92) | 0.036 |
Socioeconomic status | ||||||
Poorest | 494 (20.2) | 293 (59.3) | Reference | Reference | ||
Poor | 501 (20.4) | 302 (60.3) | 1.10 (0.85, 1.43) | 1.08 (0.82, 1.42) | ||
Medium | 527 (21.5) | 349 (66.2) | 1.31 (1.00, 1.71) | < 0.001 | 1.30 (0.98, 1.72) | < 0.001 |
Less poor | 445 (18.2) | 279 (62.7) | 1.15 (0.88, 1.51) | 1.26 (0.94, 1.70) | ||
Least poor | 484 (19.7) | 239 (49.4) | 0.67 (0.52, 0.88) | 0.74 (0.55, 1.00) | ||
Number of people in house | 5.28 (2.27) | − | 1.02 (0.98–1.06) | 0.360 | ||
Number of nets in house | ||||||
No nets | 747 (30.4) | 456 (61.0) | Reference | Reference | ||
1–2 nets | 1,161 (47.3) | 729 (62.8) | 1.14 (0.93–1.39) | 1.12 (0.91, 1.39) | ||
≥ 3 nets | 546 (22.3) | 283 (51.8) | 0.74 (0.58–0.93) | < 0.001 | 0.83 (0.64, 1.08) | 0.036 |
School level | ||||||
School feeding | ||||||
No | 2,283 (85.6) | 1,385 (60.7) | Reference | |||
Yes | 384 (14.4) | 216 (56.3) | 0.85 (0.55, 1.31) | 0.449 |
BMI = body mass index for age; CI = confidence interval; HAZ = height for age; OR = odds ratio; SES = socioeconomic status; WAZ = weight for age.
Displayed as number and percentage except for continuous variables, displayed as mean and standard deviation (SD).
All characteristics have less than 2% missing data with the exception of following indicators: WAZ, deworming (7.0% missing), education level of household head (4.5% missing) SES, and reported net use (8.0% missing).
P value is from likelihood ratio test comparing multilevel logistic regression models (accounting for school level clustering), with and without the factor of interest.
Underweight, stunted and thin defined as WAZ, HAZ, and BMIZ z-scores < 2 SD.
WAZ only calculated for children aged 5–10 years (thus only presented for 827 children).