Figure 3.

Allele frequencies (A) and genotypes of offspring born within OPAs (B). (A) The Hoxb1^A1(g) allele was selected against (s = 0.162) within OPAs as the frequency of the mutant allele decreased in offspring born to population founders (LMM; t = 3.10, P = 0.003). Founders possessed the mutant allele at a frequency of 0.500 (signified by the shaded dashed line). (B) Hoxb1^A1 founders had 64.4% of the reproduction achieved by controls as measured by homozygous offspring within OPA enclosures (GLMM; Z = 3.52, P < 0.001). Likewise, a 16.2% deficiency of Hoxb1^A1(g)/+(g) offspring was observed as compared to summed homozygotes (GLMM; Z = 2.66, P = 0.008). The observed number of heterozygotes was lower than expected levels based on Hoxb1^+(g)/+(g) homozygote counts (GLMM; Z = 6.01, P < 0.001; shaded line with closed circles), but did not differ from those predicted by counts of Hoxb1^A1(g)/A1(g) pups (shaded line with open circles). All genotypes were assessed at multiple times across populations (n = 6) for a total of 30 observations. Black lines connect population means and error bars represent standard error.