Table 1.
General characteristics of participants at baseline
| Total (n = 196) | Gender |
Race |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Males (n = 96) | Females (n = 100) | P a | Caucasians (n = 92) |
African-Americans (n = 103) |
P a | ||
| Age, y | 46.0 (43.0-48.0) | 46.0 (44.0-49.0) | 45.0 (43.0-48.0) | 0.015 | 46.0 (44.0-48.0) | 46.0 (43.0-48.0) | 0.922 |
| Gender, female, % | 51.0 | 42.4 | 58.7 | 0.023 | |||
| Race, white, % | 46.9 | 55.2 | 39.0 | 0.023 | |||
| Education level, ≤14 years, % |
57.4 | 70.0 | 44.2 | 0.001 | 42.0 | 70.5 | <0.001 |
| Income level, below 30,000 USD/y, % |
56.4 | 57.1 | 55.7 | 0.852 | 44.7 | 66.7 | 0.005 |
| Marriage, yes, % | 31.8 | 28.4 | 35.1 | 0.324 | 42.4 | 22.0 | 0.002 |
| Smoking status | 0.987 | 0.009 | |||||
| Current smoker, % | 33.5 | 34.0 | 33.0 | 28.1 | 38.4 | ||
| Ex-smoker, % | 16.0 | 16.0 | 16.0 | 10.1 | 21.2 | ||
| Alcohol drinker, % | 72.4 | 70.8 | 74.0 | 0.620 | 80.4 | 65.4 | 0.019 |
| Regular physical Activity, % |
76.9 | 80.9 | 73.1 | 0.213 | 78.8 | 75.3 | 0.569 |
| Height, cm | 171.3 (163.2-177.3) | 176.9 (172.2-182.8) | 164.7 (158.5-169.4) | <0.001 | 171.5 (165.3-177.6) | 171.0 (162.3-176.7) | 0.397 |
| Weight, kg | 86.2 (71.4-101.0) | 88.9 (74.9-104.5) | 83.2 (66.7-98.4) | 0.026 | 80.6 (66.9-96.4) | 88.6 (74.7-106.9) | 0.005 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 28.8 (25.1-33.7) | 28.2 (24.4-32.2) | 30.3 (25.4-36.4) | 0.030 | 27.2 (23.5-32.3) | 30.3 (26.3-36.7) | 0.001 |
| Fat mass, % | 30.4 (22.8-38.7) | 24.2 (16.4-28.9) | 38.1 (33.1-43.1) | <0.001 | 28.6 (19.0-34.6) | 32.0 (24.6-41.9) | 0.001 |
| Fat-free mass, % | 69.6 (61.3-77.2) | 75.8 (71.1-83.6) | 62.0 (56.9-66.9) | <0.001 | 71.4 (65.4-81.0) | 68.0 (58.2-75.5) | 0.001 |
| Fat mass, kg | 25.3 (16.7-36.5) | 21.0 (12.1-29.9) | 31.7 (23.1-42.2) | <0.001 | 22.7 (13.5-32.8) | 27.6 (20.1-40.2) | 0.001 |
| Fat-free mass, kg | 58.3 (49.3-69.5) | 68.6 (59.2-77.4) | 49.7 (44.4-57.1) | <0.001 | 58.2 (47.9-71.5) | 58.9 (49.9-69.1) | 0.845 |
| WC, cm | 97.1 (87.4-111.5) | 96.4 (86.0-111.5) | 98.0 (88.3-110.8) | 0.772 | 94.3 (86.5-111.2) | 101.2 (87.7-114.0) | 0.103 |
| Total energy intake, kJ/d |
7860.9 (5614.5-11019.4) |
9023.6 (6169.7-13172.5) |
7637.9 (5317.0-10555.8) |
0.035 | 7525.8 (5494.4-10517.3) |
8962.5 (5816.2-12406.4) |
0.266 |
| Leptin, ng/mL | 20.5 (5.9-36.4) | 10.3 (2.6-28.6) | 24.5 (15.7-43.0) | <0.001 | 14.0 (3.7-28.5) | 24.4 (13.1-42.7) | 0.004 |
| sICAM-1, ng/mL | 183.6 (145.1-227.2) | 185.9 (148.2-227.6) | 180.6 (141.7-227.8) | 0.197 | 191.6 (164.1-226.1) | 172.4 (101.4-228.1) | <0.001 |
| CRP, mg/L | 1.3 (0.5-3.4) | 0.9 (0.4-2.5) | 1.8 (0.6-4.5) | 0.004 | 0.9 (0.4-2.4) | 1.9 (0.6-4.5) | 0.008 |
| Irisin, ng/mL | 161.4 (113.7-210.8) | 162.1 (105.9-211.0) | 160.4 (118.9-211.0) | 0.853 | 149.1 (93.6-203.0) | 170.4 (125.3-230.3) | 0.054 |
| AHEI-2010 | 55.0 (44.8-63.1) | 54.8 (43.8-62.2) | 55.6 (46.9-65.0) | 0.200 | 57.2 (46.9-64.4) | 52.6 (43.0-62.2) | 0.181 |
| DASH | 24.0 (20.0-28.0) | 24.0 (20.0-28.0) | 24.5 (20.0-28.0) | 0.990 | 25.0 (22.0-29.0) | 22.0 (19.0-26.0) | 0.008 |
Data are presented as percentage or median (interquartile range). Variables which did not follow normal distribution were log-transformed before analysis. AHEI-2010, alternate healthy eating index-2010; CRP, C-reactive protein; DASH, dietary approaches to stop hypertension; sICAM-1, soluble intracellular adhesion molecule 1; WC, waist circumference.
a
Gender, race, education level, income level, smoking status, alcohol drinking, and physical activity were assessed by chi-square test. Other continuous variables were assessed by t test.