Table 5.
Leptin, sICAM-1, CRP, and irisin concentrations by tertile of selected food group consumption
| T1 | T2 | T3 |
P-
trenda |
P-
trendb |
P-
trendc |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fruit | Range, cups/d | 0.05-0.65 | 0.65-1.27 | 1.29-5.00 | |||
| Leptin, ng/mL | 18.1 ± 1.2 | 12.8 ± 1.2 | 11.8 ± 1.2 | 0.045 | 0.629 | 0.341 | |
| sICAM-1, ng/mL | 189.4 ± 1.1 | 162.8 ± 1.1 | 157.7 ± 1.1 | 0.073 | 0.222 | 0.211 | |
| CRP, mg/L | 1.9 ± 1.2a | 1.1 ± 1.2 | 1.0 ± 1.2b | 0.004 | 0.214 | 0.516 | |
| Irisin, ng/mL | 141.9 ± 1.1a | 192.9 ± 1.1b | 187.2 ± 1.1b | 0.334 | 0.031 | 0.009 | |
| Vegetables | Range, cups/d | 0.03-0.85 | 0.86-1.63 | 1.64-5.80 | |||
| Leptin, ng/mL | 20.7 ± 1.2a | 12.5 ± 1.2 | 11.4 ± 1.2b | 0.009 | 0.148 | 0.126 | |
| sICAM-1, ng/mL | 172.4 ± 1.1 | 169.6 ± 1.1 | 168.3 ± 1.1 | 0.832 | 0.504 | 0.565 | |
| CRP, mg/L | 1.8 ± 1.2 | 1.3 ± 1.2 | 1.0 ± 1.2 | 0.020 | 0.451 | 0.487 | |
| Irisin, ng/mL | 155.7 ± 1.1 | 144.8 ± 1.1 | 151.1 ± 1.1 | 0.776 | 0.612 | 0.289 | |
| Legumes and soy |
Range, cups/d | 0.00-0.04 | 0.04-0.12 | 0.12-2.96 | |||
| Leptin, ng/mL | 18.6 ± 1.2a | 15.0 ± 1.2 | 10.6 ± 1.2b | 0.012 | 0.146 | 0.258 | |
| sICAM-1, ng/mL | 171.6 ± 1.1 | 173.8 ± 1.1 | 165.2 ± 1.1 | 0.717 | 0.649 | 0.718 | |
| CRP, mg/L | 1.4 ± 1.2 | 1.7 ± 1.2a | 0.9 ± 1.2b | 0.054 | 0.517 | 0.917 | |
| Irisin, ng/mL | 144.1 ± 1.1 | 155.3 ± 1.1 | 150.1 ± 1.1 | 0.698 | 0.223 | 0.199 | |
| Grain | Range, g/d | 9.78-114.82 | 116.80-189.94 | 194.19-1066.79 | |||
| Leptin, ng/mL | 16.5 ± 1.2 | 13.9 ± 1.2 | 11.9 ± 1.2 | 0.142 | 0.118 | 0.179 | |
| sICAM-1, ng/mL | 170.1 ± 1.1 | 170.4 ± 1.1 | 169.5 ± 1.1 | 0.975 | 0.391 | 0.269 | |
| CRP, mg/L | 1.6 ± 1.2 | 1.1 ± 1.2 | 1.1 ± 1.2 | 0.149 | 0.514 | 0.512 | |
| Irisin, ng/mL | 162.1 ± 1.1 | 156.9 ± 1.1 | 132.6 ± 1.1 | 0.051 | 0.108 | 0.351 | |
| Whole grain |
Range, g/d | 0.26-19.36 | 19.70-39.97 | 40.54-166.98 | |||
| Leptin, ng/mL | 18.2 ± 1.2 | 11.4 ± 1.2 | 13.4 ± 1.2 | 0.183 | 0.989 | 0.504 | |
| sICAM-1, ng/mL | 181.2 ± 1.1 | 156.2 ± 1.1 | 173.6 ± 1.1 | 0.730 | 0.790 | 0.630 | |
| CRP, mg/L | 1.9 ± 1.2a | 1.2 ± 1.2 | 1.0 ± 1.2b | 0.013 | 0.232 | 0.198 | |
| Irisin, ng/mL | 156.3 ± 1.1 | 142.5 ± 1.1 | 151.7 ± 1.1 | 0.794 | 0.508 | 0.759 | |
| Fish | Range, g/d | 0.23-10.92 | 11.23-27.50 | 27.53-371.10 | |||
| Leptin, ng/mL | 16.3 ± 1.2 | 16.5 ± 1.2 | 10.1 ± 1.2 | 0.037 | 0.458 | 0.943 | |
| sICAM-1, ng/mL | 205.4 ± 1.1 | 170.9 ± 1.1 | 155.8 ± 1.1 | 0.032 | 0.058 | 0.028 | |
| CRP, mg/L | 1.8 ± 1.2 | 1.1 ± 1.2 | 1.0 ± 1.2 | 0.033 | 0.445 | 0.664 | |
| Irisin, ng/mL | 159.3 ± 1.1 | 149.2 ± 1.1 | 141.6 ± 1.1 | 0.258 | 0.528 | 0.716 | |
| Meats (beef, pork, and lamb) |
Range, g/d | 0.43-20.19 | 20.24-51.60 | 53.52-310.43 | |||
| Leptin, ng/mL | 13.6 ± 1.2 | 14.1 ± 1.2 | 14.5 ± 1.2 | 0.761 | 0.471 | 0.370 | |
| sICAM-1, ng/mL | 169.8 ± 1.1 | 164.5 ± 1.1 | 178.9 ± 1.1 | 0.689 | 0.328 | 0.451 | |
| CRP, mg/L | 1.0 ± 1.2 | 1.3 ± 1.2 | 1.9 ± 1.3 | 0.175 | 0.010 | 0.015 | |
| Irisin, ng/mL | 205.8 ± 1.1a | 161.8 ± 1.1b | 148.6 ± 1.1b | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.008 | |
| Nuts, seeds | Range, g/d | 0.09-5.53 | 5.67-19.22 | 19.25-139.76 | |||
| Leptin, ng/mL | 17.4 ± 1.2 | 11.6 ± 1.2 | 13.8 ± 1.2 | 0.295 | 0.771 | 0.487 | |
| sICAM-1, ng/mL | 180.8 ± 1.1 | 160.2 ± 1.1 | 169.5 ± 1.1 | 0.569 | 0.785 | 0.759 | |
| CRP, mg/L | 1.9 ± 1.2 | 1.1 ± 1.2 | 1.1 ± 1.2 | 0.036 | 0.275 | 0.413 | |
| Irisin, ng/mL | 140.0 ± 1.1 | 153.3 ± 1.1 | 157.4 ± 1.1 | 0.258 | 0.052 | 0.149 | |
| Eggs | Range, g/d | 0.17-5.61 | 5.76-14.80 | 16.33-110.00 | |||
| Leptin, ng/mL | 18.0 ± 1.2 | 14.0 ± 1.2 | 11.0 ± 1.2 | 0.029 | 0.157 | 0.302 | |
| sICAM-1, ng/mL | 184.7 ± 1.1 | 161.4 ± 1.1 | 166.3 ± 1.1 | 0.310 | 0.392 | 0.309 | |
| CRP, mg/L | 1.3 ± 1.2 | 1.2 ± 1.2 | 1.4 ± 1.2 | 0.964 | 0.283 | 0.257 | |
| Irisin, ng/mL | 155.3 ± 1.1 | 147.8 ± 1.1 | 147.6 ± 1.1 | 0.620 | 0.993 | 0.571 | |
| Dairy | Range, cups/d | 0.06-0.71 | 0.72-1.37 | 1.40-5.31 | |||
| Leptin, ng/mL | 17.0 ± 1.2 | 10.9 ± 1.2 | 15.1 ± 1.2 | 0.574 | 0.225 | 0.893 | |
| sICAM-1, ng/mL | 155.4 ± 1.1 | 178.4 ± 1.1 | 211.1 ± 1.1 | 0.491 | 0.042 | 0.036 | |
| CRP, mg/L | 1.5 ± 1.2 | 1.0 ± 1.2 | 1.4 ± 1.2 | 0.636 | 0.050 | 0.075 | |
| Irisin, ng/mL | 162.4 ± 1.1 | 149.6 ± 1.1 | 138.0 ± 1.1 | 0.111 | 0.311 | 0.247 | |
| Alcohold | Range, equiv. | 0.00-0.00 | 0.00-0.47 | 0.47-22.46 | |||
| about 13 g EtOH/d | |||||||
| Leptin, ng/mL | 10.8 ± 1.2 | 14.2 ± 1.2 | 18.0 ± 1.2 | 0.769 | 0.189 | 0.024 | |
| sICAM-1, ng/mL | 178.2 ± 1.1 | 170.3 ± 1.1 | 163.6 ± 1.1 | 0.418 | 0.603 | 0.485 | |
| CRP, mg/L | 1.0 ± 1.2 | 1.2 ± 1.2 | 1.6 ± 1.2 | 0.975 | 0.077 | 0.048 | |
| Irisin, ng/mL | 152.6 ± 1.1 | 149.5 ± 1.1 | 148.6 ± 1.1 | 0.794 | 0.930 | 0.761 |
Data are presented as geometric means ± SEs adjusted for covariates in model 1. Leptin values in alcohol consumption, sICAM-1 in fish and dairy, CRP in meats and alcohol, and irisin in fruit and meats were adjusted for covariates in model 3. Means in a row with superscript without a common letter differ, P < 0.05 in a post-hoc analysis (Bonferroni). Model 1 was adjusted for age, gender, race, education, income, and marriage. Model 2 was adjusted for all covariates in model 1 plus smoking status, alcohol intake, physical activity, BMI, and total energy. Model 3 was adjusted for all covariates in model 2 plus mutual biomarkers (leptin, sICAM-1, CRP, and irisin). CRP, C-reactive protein; sICAM-1, soluble intracellular adhesion molecule 1.
P-tvend in model 1.
P-trend in model 2.
P-tvend in model 3.
Alcohol intake was not included as a covariate in model 2 and 3.