Table 2.

Pre-pregnant BMI and GWG associated with infant cardio-metabolic outcomes at birth

Cord Blood Outcome	Maternal Exposure		Model 1			Model 2			Model 3
		n	β	95% CI	p-value	β	95% CI	p-value	β	95% CI	p-value
Glucose	Pre-pregnant BMI	726	0.18	(−0.05, 0.42)	0.129	0.17	(−0.07, 0.42)	0.163	0.19	(−0.05, 0.44)	0.115
	GWG	726	0.26	(0.03, 0.49)	0.026	0.25	(−0.01, 0.49)	0.042	0.27	(0.04, 0.51)	0.024
Insulin	Pre-pregnant BMI	695	0.1	(0.02, 0.18)	0.01	0.07	(−0.01, 0.14)	0.092	0.07	(−0.01, 0.15)	0.074
	GWG	695	0.09	(0.02, 0.17)	0.016	0.05	(−0.02, 0.13)	0.179	0.07	(−0.01, 0.14)	0.082
Glucose/Insulin Ratio	Pre-pregnant BMI	695	−0.14	(−0.23, −0.05)	0.003	−0.09	(−0.09, −0.19)	0.053	−0.09	(−0.19, −0.01)	0.05
	GWG	695	−0.13	(−0.22, −0.04)	0.006	−0.07	(−0.17, 0.02)	0.112	−0.09	(−0.18, −0.01)	0.048
HDL-c	Pre-pregnant BMI	625	−0.09	(−0.18, −0.01)	0.05	−0.12	(−0.22, −0.03)	0.011	−0.11	(−0.21, −0.02)	0.019
	GWG	625	0.04	(−0.05, 0.13)	0.369	0.01	(−0.09, 0.10)	0.903	0.02	(−0.07, 0.12)	0.627
Non-HDL-c	Pre-pregnant BMI	686	−0.16	(−0.42, 0.11)	0.239	−0.18	(−0.44, 0.09)	0.2	−0.19	(−0.45, 0.08)	0.176
	GWG	686	0.18	(−0.08, 0.44)	0.177	0.16	(−0.11, 0.42)	0.251	0.15	(−0.11, 0.42)	0.25
Triglycerides	Pre-pregnant BMI	675	0.01	(−0.50, 0.51)	0.984	0.13	(−0.38, 0.64)	0.624	0.06	(−0.46, 0.56)	0.82
	GWG	675	−0.08	(−0.57, 0.41)	0.757	0.07	(−0.44, 0.57)	0.792	−0.03	(−0.53, 0.47)	0.9
Free Fatty Acids	Pre-pregnant BMI	652	−0.09	(−1.94, 1.76)	0.925	0.2	(−1.70, 2.10)	0.838	0.4	(−1.49, 2.30)	0.677
	GWG	652	−1.07	(−2.91, 0.78)	0.258	−0.77	(−2.67, 1.12)	0.423	−0.76	(−2.62, 1.10)	0.42
Leptin	Pre-pregnant BMI	639	0.71	(0.51, 0.90)	<0.001	0.57	(0.38, 0.76)	<0.001	0.51	(0.33, 0.69)	<0.001
	GWG	639	0.37	(0.18, 0.56)	<0.001	0.24	(0.05, 0.43)	0.013	0.22	(0.04, 0.40)	0.015

Model 1: Adjusted for offspring gestational age, offspring sex, maternal age, gravidity, race/ethnicity, pre-pregnancy BMI, smoking throughout pregnancy and household income; Model 2: Model 1 + offspring birth weight; Model 3: Model 1 + offspring fat mass