Table 1.
Summary of Included Studies
| First Author (Ref #) | Year | Inclusion criteria | Exclusion criteria | Primary Endpoints |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Britton [20] | 2013 | Third generation of Framingham heart study who underwent multi-detector CT | None | MACE as myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, coronary insufficiency, cerebrovascular accident, transient ischemic attack, intermittent claudication, congestive heart failure, cardiovascular death, cancer (excluding non-melanoma skin cancer) or all-cause mortality |
| Cheng [16] | 2010 | Men ≥ 55 years or women ≥ 65 years; men ≥ 45 years with at least 1 traditional CAD risk factor | History of myocardial infarction, coronary revascularization, cardiomyopathy, peripheral artery disease, angina or stroke; prior CAC score; invasive angiogram; active pregnancy; significant comorbidity | MACE as cardiac death, myocardial infarction, stroke, late percutaneous or surgical revascularization |
| Ding [24] | 2009 | randomly selected from Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) participants and MESA participants who developed incident coronary heart disease | Individuals with physician-diagnosed cardiovascular disease or any related procedures at baseline were not eligible | Coronary heart disease events as myocardial infarction, resuscitated cardiac arrest, angina, or fatal coronary heart disease |
| D'Marco [17] | 2013 | Renagel in New Dialysis – CKD stage 5 with no history of dialysis at outset, transplant, coronary bypass graft or intra coronary stenting, atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter | Error in the image file, or inadvertent exclusion of parts of the pericardium at the time of image acquisition | All-cause mortality |
| Forouzandeh [14] | 2013 | Age > 18 years; chest pain within 24 hours suggestive of ischemia, admission under observational status | prior CAD, ischemic electrocardiogram findings diagnostic of an acute coronary syndrome, troponin >0.1 ng/mL, hemodynamic instability | MACE as cardiac death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and unstable angina pectoris |
| Greif [15] | 2012 | coronary artery stenosis (1 >50% blockage in coronary angiography) or prior myocardial infarction | acute coronary syndrome, advanced ischemic cardiomyopathy, or coronary artery by-pass grafting | severe cardiac events as cardiac death, myocardial infarction or coronary revascularization |
| Kunita[19] | 2014 | no proven CAD, no history of myocardial infarction, prior coronary revascularization, status of acute coronary syndrome or typical effort angina | proven cardiomyopathy, severe valvular heart disease, renal impairments (creatinine > 1.5 mg/dL), serious life-threatening illness or early coronary revascularizations | cardiac death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, or unstable angina requiring hospitalization, and late coronary revascularizations |
| Mahabadi [7] | 2013 | Heinz Nixdorf Recall -population-based cohort study with subjects randomly selected from mandatory lists of residence | Known coronary artery disease, history of myocardial infarction, or open heart surgery (including bypass and valve surgery) | Nonfatal myocardial infarction or cardiac death |
| Shmilovich [18] | 2011 | Asymptomatic status with no known cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, or smoking; CAC = 0, LDL < 160, triglyceride < 500, FRS < 6% | Pericardial effusion or thickening, lower-than-excellent image quality on non contrast-enhanced cardiac CT | MACE as cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, percutaneous or surgical coronary artery revascularization |
CAC – coronary artery calcium score; CAD – coronary artery disease; CKD – chronic kidney disease; FRS – Framingham Risk Score; LDL – low density lipoprotein; MACE – major adverse cardiac event;