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. 2015 Oct 8;9:138. doi: 10.3389/fnsys.2015.00138

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Copyright © 2015 Hanganu, Provost and Monchi.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Model of the basal ganglia connectivity in healthy (A) and in early Parkinson's disease (B) [Adapted after Kalivas and Nakamura (1999), Dudel et al. (2002), Nambu et al. (2002), Gubellini et al. (2009) and Cools (2006)]. Open and filled arrows represent excitatory glutamatergic (glu) and inhibitory gabaergic (GABA) projections. PMC, Premotor cortex; SMA, supplementary motor area; DLPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; FEF, frontal eye fields; VLPFC, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex; ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; OFC, orbitofrontal cortex; VTA, ventral tegmental area; SNc, substantia nigra pars compacta; SNr, substantia nigra pars reticulata; NAcc, nucleus accumbens; GPe, external segment of the globus pallidus; GPi, internal segment of the globus pallidus; STR, striatum; STN, subthalamic nucleus; THA, thalamus; DA, dopamine; SP, Substance P; D1, D1 class DA receptors; D2, D2 class DA receptors.