Table 2.
Proportion who did not undergo surgerya (n = 120) |
Odds ratio (95 % CI)b |
|
---|---|---|
Age, each decade higher |
– | 1.2 (1.0, 1.5) |
BMI, 5 points higher | – | 1.1 (0.9, 1.2) |
Sex | ||
Male (%) | 22 | 1.4 (0.8, 2.3) |
Female (%) | 17 (Ref) | Ref |
Race/Ethnicity | ||
Caucasian (%) | 15 (Ref) | Ref |
African-American (%) |
24 | 1.3 (0.7, 2.3) |
Hispanic (%) | 24 | 1.2 (0.6, 2.4) |
Other (%) | 36 | 2.6 (1.1, 6.3) |
Education | ||
High school or less (%) |
23 | – |
Some college or 2-year degree (%) |
21 | – |
4-year college | ||
diploma or more (%) |
12 (Ref) | – |
Income | ||
≤$20,000 (%) | 34 | 2.5 (1.1, 5.6) |
$20,001–$60,000 (%) |
18 | 1.4 (0.7, 2.7) |
$60,001–$100,000 (%) |
9 | 0.7 (0.4, 1.6) |
>$100,000 (%) | 13 (Ref) | Ref |
Insurance | ||
Private (%) | 14 (Ref) | Ref |
Medicaid (%) | 32 | 1.7 (0.9, 3.2) |
Medicare (%) | 22 | 1.0 (0.5, 2.1) |
Other (%) | 36 | 3.2 (1.1, 9.0) |
Co-morbidities | ||
Diabetes (%) | 23 | – |
Hypertension (%) | 21 | – |
CAD/heart disease/ stroke/PVD (%) |
33 | – |
Asthma (%) | 22 | – |
Obstructive sleep apnea (%) |
19 | – |
GERD (%) | 17 | – |
Depression (%) | 19 | – |
Anxiety (%) | 17 | – |
Arthritis (%) | 14 | 0.6 (0.3, 1.0) |
Chronic back pain (%) |
19 | – |
Anemia (%) | 16 | – |
Refers to the percentage of patients who did not undergo surgery 1 year after referral
This model is adjusted for variables with estimates presented in the relevant columns and includes all significant co-morbidities using a stepwise selection process with a p < 0.1 for entry and a p < 0.05 for retention in the model. Results delineated in bold refer to statistically significant variables relative to the reference group (ref) at p < 0.05. When income was introduced in the model, education became nonsignificant and was dropped from the model