Table 4.

Adjusted differences between African-American and Caucasian patients and between Hispanic and Caucasian patients who proceeded with surgery

	Odds ratios (95 % CI)	Odds ratios (95 % CI)
	African-Americans versus Caucasians	Hispanic versus Caucasians
Age, a decade  higher	0.9 (0.7, 1.1)	0.5 (0.4, 0.7)
Sex
Male	0.5 (0.2, 1.3)	1.8 (0.8, 3.8)
Female	Ref	Ref
BMI, 5 points   higher	1.2 (1.0, 1.4)	0.9 (0.8, 1.2)
Income
≤$20,000	5.8 (1.8, 18.8)	16.0 (4.1, 62.4)
$20,001–   $60,000	7.2 (2.6, 20.0)	7.9 (2.2, 28.3)
$60,001–   $100,000	3.2 (1.1, 9.6)	4.3 (1.1, 16.3)
>$100,000	Ref	Ref
GERD	0.4 (0.2, 0.7)	–
Depression	0.4 (0.2, 0.7)	–
Anemia	4.8 (2.4, 9.6)	–

Results delineated in bold refers to statistically significant variables in the model at p < 0.05. Odds ratio refers to whether patients with that characteristic are more likely to belong to the minority group compared to the Caucasian group. When the demographics and significant co-morbidities were entered into the models, insurance and education were no longer significant and were dropped from the models