Table 6.
Longitudinal association between religiosity and cardiovascular risk factors
| Religiosity | Adjusted Odds Ratios (95% Confidence
Interval) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Current Smoker* | Excessive Alcohol Consumption* | Regular Exercise* | Hypertension | Diabetes Mellitus* | Dyslipidemia | Overweight/obesity | |
| Not religious at all (n = 6647) |
Reference | ||||||
| Slightly religious (n = 11,162) |
0.88 (0.78–0.99) |
0.98 (0.91–1.06) |
0.99 (0.94–1.06) |
1.05 (0.98–1.13) |
0.80 (0.75–0.87) |
1.02 (0.94–1.11) |
0.98 (0.91–1.06) |
| Somewhat religious (n = 8198) |
0.75 (0.65–0.87) |
1.01 (0.93–1.10) |
1.07 (1.01–1.14) |
0.96 (0.89–1.04) |
0.71 (0.66–0.77) |
1.02 (0.93–1.11) |
0.99 (0.91–1.08) |
| Religious (n = 2942) |
0.88 (0.71–1.08) |
0.87 (0.77–0.98) |
1.06 (0.98–1.16) |
0.94 (0.85–1.05) |
0.64 (0.57–0.71) |
0.95 (0.84–1.07) |
0.99 (0.89–1.11) |
Results in bold indicate statistically significant differences with a P–value less than 0.05.
Only significant interactions with gender were observed in regular exercise and dyslipidemia.
Interaction terms between religiosity and other measurements (gender, age, marital status, and occupation) were examined in all analyses. Significant interactions with gender were observed in regular exercise and dyslipidemia, those with age in smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and regular exercise, those with marital status in hypertension and dyslipidemia, and those with occupation in smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, regular exercise, hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia.
Excessive alcohol consumption was defined as consuming alcohol more than two drinks/day for male and one drink/day for female. Regular exercise was defined as exercising at least three times a week. Hypertension was defined as having history of hypertension or abnormality in 2005. Diabetes mellitus was defined as having history of diabetes mellitus or abnormality in 2005. Dyslipidemia was defined as having history of dyslipidemia or abnormality in 2005. Overweight/obesity was defined as those with body mass index was more than 25 kg/m2 based on World Health Organization criteria.
Adjusted odds ratios: models related to health habits were adjusted for age, gender, marital status, occupation, and health habits at baseline and time variable. Models related to outcomes; hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and overweight/obesity were adjusted for age, gender, occupation, health habits, relevant clinical risk factors (ie hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia), and body mass index at baseline and time variable.
Indicates a statistical significance for the global P–value for each outcome.