Table 4.

RCTs Comparing Regional vs. General Anesthesia with Cognitive Outcome beyond 90 Days

Study	Surgery	Intervention vs. Control	Outcomes evaluated
Jones50	Total hip or knee replacement	Spinal anesthesia vs. general anesthesia	National Adult Reading Test Choice Reaction Time Critical flicker fusion threshold Objective learning test Digit copying test Functional life scale Cognitive difficulties test
Nielson51	Total knee replacement	Spinal anesthesia vs. general anesthesia	Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Revised Trail Making Test Controlled Oral Word Association Test Finger Oscillation Test Two-point discrimination Hand preference questionnaire Sickness impact profile
Bigler52	Hip fracture	Spinal anesthesia vs. general anesthesia	Abbreviated Mental Test
Williams-Russo53	Total knee replacement	Epidural anesthesia (followed in more than 95% of the cases by epidural analgesia) vs. general anesthesia (followed by IV PCA)	Boston Naming Test Controlled word association Digit symbol Trail Making Tests A Trail Making Tests B Digit span test Benton Visual Retention Test Benton Visual Recognition Test Mattis-Kovner Verbal Recall Mattis-Kovner Verbal Recognition
Rasmussen54	Major noncardiac surgery	Regional (spinal or epidural) anesthesia vs. general anesthesia	Part of the Visual Verbal Learning Test Part of the Concept Shifting Test Part of the Stroop Color Word Interference Test Part of the Letter Digit Coding Test Geriatric Depression Scale Subjective cognitive functioning questionnaire (patients and relatives) Instrument for activities of daily living (patients and relatives)
Campbell55	Cataract	Regional (topical + retrobulbar or peribulbar ) anesthesia vs. general anesthesia	Part of the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test 2 parts of the Fuld Object Memory Test Part of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Revised Digit copying test Felix post unit questionnaire Holbrook activity index National Adult Reading Test