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. 2015 Oct 8;11(10):e1005173. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005173

Fig 5. Virus replication and pathology in mammary glands of mothers nursing 2009 H1N1-infected infants.

Fig 5

Infant ferrets were intranasally inoculated with A/Cal and housed with mother ferrets for a 7 Day time course where mammary glands, milk, blood, and feces were collected as shown in the schematic (A). Live virus was quantified by MDCK titration of homogenized mammary tissue (B), nipples (C), and expressed milk (D) from nursing-mothers of intranasal inoculated infant ferrets. qRT-PCR was performed on expressed milk for 2009 H1N1 viral RNA (vRNA) (E). Viral presence was also determined by qRT-PCR in infant feces (post-direct-inoculation) (F) and infant, mother, and adult ferret blood (3/4 days post-inoculation) (G). ND = Not Detected. Samples were collected and analyzed from at least 3 independent litter inoculated/infected infants and 3 mothers per time point. Results show the mean or are representative of 3 litters per time point. Mother ferrets have variable numbers of active mammary glands per pregnancy/postpartum.