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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Exp Neurol. 2015 Apr 8;272:50–60. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.03.028

Figure 1. Schematic diagram on possible mechanisms in neonatal anesthesia toxicity.

Figure 1

Abbreviation: ATP: Adenosine triphosphate; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; NMDA receptor: N-methyl-D-aspartate; GABAA receptor: Gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-1β: Interleukin-1β; IL-6: Interleukin-6; IP3 receptor: Inositol triphosphate receptor; BDNF: Brain-derived; Akt: Phosphorylated serine/threonine-specific protein kinase; CaMK II: Calcium/calmodulin-dependent Protein Kinase II; ERK: extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase; PKC: Protein kinase C; p-JNK: Phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase; GSK-3β: Glycogen synthase kinase 3β; IKK: IκB kinase; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells); ER: endoplasmic reticulum; Ca2+: Calcium ion. ↑: increase; ↓: decrease; ┤: block or inhibit.