Table 1.
Anthropometric landmarks used in this study and their definition.
| Landmarks | Definition |
|---|---|
| Trichion (Tri) | the sagittal midpoint of the forehead that borders the hairline |
| Glabella (G) | the most anterior point of the middle line of the forehead |
| Nasion (N) | the point in the middle line located at the nasal root |
| Pronasal (Prn) | the most prominent point of the tip of the nose |
| Midnasal (Mn) | the middle point on the outer contour of the nose between the pronasal and nasion points |
| Columella (Cm) | the most inferior and anterior point of the nose |
| Subnasal (Sn) | the point where the upper lip joins the columella |
| Labial superior (Ls) | the point that indicates the mucocutaneous limit of the upper lip |
| Stomion superior (Sts) | the most inferior point of the upper lip |
| Stomion inferior (Sti) | the most superior point of the lower lip |
| Labial inferior (Li) | the point that indicates the mucocutaneous limit of the lower lip |
| Supramental (Sm) | the deepest point of the inferior sublabial concavity |
| Pogonion (Pg) | the most anterior point of the chin |
| Menton (Me) | the most inferior point of the inferior edge of the chin |
| Cervical (C) | the point at the junction of neck and throat borders |
| Tragus (Trg) | the most posterior point of the auricular tragus |
| Alar (Al) | the most lateral point of the alar contour of the nose |
| Ort | the point joining the TV and the TH |
| Left canthus (Cthl) | the entocanthion of the left eye |
| Right canthus (Cthr) | the entocanthion of the right eye |
| Left lip commissure (Lcl) | the point where the lips join together at the left side of the mouth |
| Right lip commissure (Lcr) | the point where the lips join together at the right side of the mouth |
| Left alar base (Albl) | the point on the lower margin of the left alar base where the ala disappears into the upper lip skin |
| Right alar base (Albr) | the point on the lower margin of the right alar base where the ala disappears into the upper lip skin |
| Left pupil (Pupl) | the center point of the left eye pupil |
| Right pupil (Pupr) | the center point of the right eye pupil |
| Stomion (Stm) | the midpoint of the labial fissure when the lips are closed naturally |