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. 2015 Aug 28;5(3):861–885. doi: 10.3390/ani5030388

Table 3.

Summary of experimental set-ups and use of lameness references in studies using computer vision.

Experimental set-up Lameness reference
Source Sensor type Number of cows Normal routine N° of variables per variable type Automated measurements In real- time Person performing scoring Number classes used Cut-off levels for lameness
Song et al. [34] digital camera 15 no 1 (trackway overlap) no no observer 1 to 5 all classes separate
Pluk et al. [35] digital camera 15/66 no/yes 1 (trackway overlap) no/yes no/no observer 1 to 5 all classes separate
Pluk et al. [36] digital camera combined with Gaitwise-system 70/75 yes/yes 3 (touch angle, release angle, range of motion in the fetlock joint) no/yes no/no observer 1 to 3 all classes separate
Poursaberi et al. [37] digital camera 28/66 yes/yes 1 (back posture) no/no no/no observer 1 to 3 all classes separate
Blackie et al. [64] leg markers, digital camera 56 no 7 (stride length front and hind, tracking distance, hock flexion, max fetlock height, height of spine, head position) no no observer 1 to 5 all classes separate (no 4 and 5 used)
Viazzi et al. [39] digital camera 98 yes 1 (body movement pattern) no no observer 1 to 5 non-lame: 1 + 2 lame: 3 severely lame: 4 + 5
Van Hertem et al. [43] 3D-digital camera 186 yes 1 (back posture measurement) yes no observer 1 to 5 - all classes separate; - all classes separate with 1 level tolerance; - non-lame: 1 + 2 lame: 3 – 5
Viazzi et al. [40] digital camera and 3D-digital camera 273 yes 1 back posture in 2D 1 back posture in 3D no/yes no/no observer 1 to 5 non-lame: 1 + 2 lame: 3 - 5

Normal Routine: cows walk in normal routine or were guided in an experimental set up: Automated: measurements were automated without presence of an operator; real-time: results of variables are available in real-time.