Table 5.
Summary of experimental set-ups and use of lameness references in studies using available sensor data on farm.
| Experimental set-up | Lameness reference | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Source | Sensor type | Number of cows | Normal routine | N° of variables per variable type | Automated measurements | In real-time | Person performing scoring | Number classes used | Cut-off levels for lameness |
| De Mol et al. [59] | activity data (7) | 100 | yes | activity data (7) | yes | no | herdsmen | 1 to 5 | non-lame: 1 lame: 3 - 4 - 5 (score 2 excluded) |
| Kramer et al. [67] | milkmeters | 81 | yes | milk yield | yes | Yes | herdsman | / | Logbook lameness events |
| feeding and drinking behaviour | feeding behavior (4) | No | |||||||
| activity meters (neck) | activity | No | |||||||
| farm health records | info preliminary diseases | No | |||||||
| Miekley et al. [68] | pedometers | 653 | yes | activity data (1) | yes | no | herdsmen and veterinarian | Logbook lameness events | |
| milking data | milking data (2) | ||||||||
| feeding data | feeding data (3) | ||||||||
| Miekley et al. [69] | pedometer activity | 315 | yes | activity data (1) | yes | no | herdsmen and veterinarian | Logbook lameness events | |
| feeding patterns | feeding data (3) | ||||||||
| milking data (1) | milking data (1) | ||||||||
| feeding data (1) | feeding data (1) | ||||||||
| Kamphuis et al. [58] | weight scales | 318 lame and 3180 non-lame | yes | weight scales (1) | yes | yes | (trained) herdsmen | 1 to 5 | Logbook lameness events |
| pedometers | pedometers (1) | no | |||||||
| milk meters | milk meters (4) | yes | |||||||
| Van Hertem et al. [40] | neck activity | 44 lame and 74 non-lame | yes | neck activity (1) | yes | no | herdsmen | Logbook lameness events | |
| ruminating time | ruminating time (1) | no | |||||||
| milking data | milking datad (5) | yes | |||||||
| Garcia et al. [61] | milking data neck activity | 88 | yes | milking data (320) activity index | no | no | observer | 1 to 4 | non-lame: 1 lame: 3 + 4 (score 2 excluded) |
| Norring et al. [70] | automatic feeders milking data weight scales | 50 | yes | Feeding behavior (4) milk yield and milking frequency body weight | yes | no | observer | 1 to 5 | non-lame: 1 + 2 mildly lame: 3 severely lame: 4 + 5 |
Normal routine: cows walk in normal routine or were guided in an experimental set up; Automated: measurements were automated without presence of an operator; Real-time: results of variables are available in real-time.