Table 2. The effect of sex, parental type, and caring state on gene expression change in the caring gene set assessed by ANOVA examining changes in expression of 867 genes in uniparental females, biparental females, uniparental males, and in biparental males in both caring and non-caring states.

Variable	DF	Sum of squares	Mean squares	F	P-value
Sex	1	236	236.4	151.67	<2 × 10−16
Uniparental/biparental	1	69	68.7	44.06	3.41 × 10−11
Caring/non-caring	1	829	829.5	532.07	<2 × 10−16
Sex × parenting	1	11	10.6	6.81	0.00907
Sex × caring	1	143	143.3	91.93	<2 × 10−16
Parenting × caring	1	133	133.3	85.52	<2 × 10−16
Sex × parenting × caring	1	3	2.7	1.71	0.191
Residual	6,928	10,801	1.6