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Steps in the SUMOylation of target proteins. SUMO-1 modification of substrate protein requires cleavage of the pro-protein and the action of E1, E2 and E3 enzymes. Specific inhibitors, ginkgolic acid/anacardic acid and spectinomycin can block E1 and E2 enzymes, respectively. SUMOylation of Hsp90 may modulate chaperone-mediated autophagy.
